Samples of wheat, spelt, rye, and triticale flours produced by different Polish mills were studied by both classic chemical methods and FT-IR MIR spectroscopy. An attempt was made to statistically correlate FT-IR spectral data with reference data with regard to content of various components, for example, proteins, fats, ash, and fatty acids as well as properties such as moisture, falling number, and energetic value. This correlation resulted in calibrated and validated statistical models for versatile evaluation of unknown flour samples. The calibration data set was used to construct calibration models with use of the CSR and the PLS with the leave one-out, cross-validation techniques. The calibrated models were validated with a validation data set. The results obtained confirmed that application of statistical models based on MIR spectral data is a robust, accurate, precise, rapid, inexpensive, and convenient methodology for determination of flour characteristics, as well as for detection of content of selected flour ingredients. The obtained models' characteristics were as follows: R2 = 0.97, PRESS = 2.14; R2 = 0.96, PRESS = 0.69; R2 = 0.95, PRESS = 1.27; R2 = 0.94, PRESS = 0.76, for content of proteins, lipids, ash, and moisture level, respectively. Best results of CSR models were obtained for protein, ash, and crude fat (R2 = 0.86; 0.82; and 0.78, resp.).

The effect of the roasting process on the quality of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) lipidic fraction was investigated by pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) and middle Fourier transform infrared (MID-FT-IR) spectroscopy. The data obtained were referred to and related with fatty acid composition, free fatty acids content, peroxide value, anisidine value and tocopherols concentration measured by standard techniques. These methods were used to decipher between the roasted hazelnuts (shelled and in-shell) treated in different thermal conditions (100°C, 130°C and 160°C) and time (10, 30 and 60 min). The results of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and anisidine value remained low for all roasting conditions applied and were within quality requirement ranges. The shell left on hazelnuts during the roasting process limited hazelnuts oxidative deterioration, hence it showed protective function. Minor changes occurred in the fatty acid and tocopherol contents and compositions. PDSC, as an appropriate unbiased method for assessing the oxidative stability, revealed a slight elevation of oxidative stability as the temperature and time of the roasting process increased (p<0.05). Discriminant models constructed with the use of principal components (PC) procedure confirmed the ability of MID-FT-IR to monitor the roasting process within a certain range of temperature and time applied.

The rapid, simple, and non-destructive analytical procedure for discrimination and authentication of whiskies originating from Scotland, Ireland and USA due to their origin as well as time of maturation (two, three, six and twelve years) is presented. Combination of data from infrared spectroscopy with statistical analysis was used to construct eight discriminant models. Models obtained allowed to distinguish Scottish, Irish, and American whiskies and 2 and 3 years old beverages from 6 and 12 years old whiskies. Results show that 100% of samples were correctly classified in models discriminating American and Scottish whiskies or 2-year-old and 6-year-old American whiskies. American whiskies were classified correctly in all models which may suggest its considerable chemical difference compared to whisky produced in Scotland or Ireland. Constructed in current paper discriminant models can be used to identify unknown samples of whisky in terms of origin or age.

Dried and crushed dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.) (TO) were used as a formulation additive (at the amount of 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 g 100 g−1 flour) to wheat bread. The farinographic properties of the dough and the physical and chemical properties of the bread were evaluated. It was found that the addition of dried flour caused a significant decrease in water absorption by the flour (1% and higher TO level), an increase in the development time (from 2% to 5% TO addition) and dough stability (3% and 4% TO level), and an increase in dough softening (4% and higher TO level). As the substitution of TO for wheat flour increased, there was a gradual decrease in loaf volume, an increase in specific weight and crumb hardness, and a darkening of the crumb color. The total polyphenol content increased linearly with the percentage increase of dried root additions TO from 0.290 to 0.394 mg GAE g−1 d.m., which translated into an increase in the antioxidant activity of the bread. It was found that dried crushed roots of Taraxacum officinale can be a recipe additive for wheat bread; however, due to their specific smell and bitter aftertaste, the level of this additive should not exceed 3 g 100 g−1 flour.

No abstract

In this study, Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy was investigated as a rapid and nondestructive method for the determination of selected quality parameters of oat flakes and cakes. The spectra of 14 commercial products were registered in the spectral range of 4,000-370 cm −1 . Chemometric approach was applied to collect spectral and reference data on fat content, fatty acid composition, and the heat of combustion, and to correlate them. Reference data were obtained with the use of Soxhlet method, gas chromatography, and bomb calorimetry. Statistically significant coefficients in the determination of spectral data and fat, linoleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid content, and energy value are R 2 =0.93, R 2 =0.93, R 2 =0.82, R 2 =0.92, and R 2 =0.95, respectively. The energy value, as well as the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content, was statistically higher in cakes as compared to that in flakes.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of semolina with 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of ground buckwheat hull (BH) on the chemical composition, antioxidant properties, color, cooking characteristics, and sensory properties of wheat pasta. Pasta samples were prepared by dough lamination (tagliatelle shape) and dried at 55 °C until the moisture content was 11–12% (wet basis). Analyses of samples showed that the addition of BH caused an increase in fiber content in pasta from 4.31% (control pasta) to 14.15% (pasta with 20% of BH). Moreover, the brightness and yellowness of BH-enriched products were significantly decreased compared to the control sample, and the total color difference ranged from 23.84 (pasta with 1% of BH) to 32.56 (pasta with 15% BH). In addition, a decrease in optimal cooking time, as well as an increased weight index and cooking loss, was observed in BH-enriched pasta samples. Furthermore, BH-enriched cooked pasta had significantly higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity but an unpleasant smell and taste, especially if the level of BH was higher than 10%.

Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena sensoryczna i spektralna wyrobów spirytusowych typu: wódka, gin, whisky oraz brandy poddanych procesowi liofilizacji. Zamrożone próbki (-80 °C) poddawano liofilizacji w liofilizatorze ALPHA1-4 LDC-1m firmy Christ. Proces prowadzono przy stałych parametrach: ciśnienie 63 Pa, ciśnienie bezpieczeństwa 103 Pa, czas 1,5 h. Przeprowadzono analizę sensoryczną metodą profilowania z wykorzystaniem jednobiegunowych skal kategorii. Zarejestrowano widma w podczerwieni otrzymanych liofilizatów techniką transmisyjną w filmie przy użyciu płytek wykonanych z kryształów KRS w zakresie spektralnym 4000-370 cm-1. Dane spektralne analizowano wykorzystując moduł analizy dyskryminacyjnej w programie OMNIC 8. Przy zastosowanych parametrach procesu w pierwszej kolejności parował etanol, co skutkowało otrzymaniem mieszanin bezalkoholowych. Proces liofilizacji może być więc łagodnym sposobem pozbywania się etanolu i wody z mieszaniny z zachowaniem innych ważnych składników, takich jak: barwniki, substancje smakowe czy aromaty.