Aureobasidium-Derived Soluble Branched (1,3-1,6) β-Glucan (Sophy β-glucan) Enhances Natural Killer Activity in Leishmania amazonensis-Infected Mice

Abstract

Abstract:The b-glucans derived from yeast cell walls have been reported for having many immunomodulatory activities in vivo and in vitro. In this study, Aureobasidium-derived soluble branched (1,3-1,6) b-glucan (Sophy b-glucan) was checked for natural killer (NK) activity and for the production of IFN-g and IL-4 in Leishmania amazonensis infection. The main experiment was performed with a group of female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, orally supplemented with 5% of Sophy b-glucan and infected with promastogotes of L. amazonensis (1 × 10 7 ) into the footpad. Increase in the footpad thickness with time was observed in BALB/c mice in spite of the oral Sophy b-glucan supplement, but it was less in C57BL/6 mice. The difference in overall mean footpad thickness between 'infection only' versus 'infection + glucan' groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). High NK activity in C57BL/6 than BALB/c mice was observed in 'glucan only' group compared to the control group and also in 'infection + glucan' group compared to 'infection only' group. The difference in the NK activity among these groups was significant (P < 0.05). The IFN-g level increased at weeks 7 and 8 post-infection in C57BL/6 mice and was significantly high in 'infection + glucan' group compared to the 'infection only' group (P < 0.05). IL-4 levels did not increase up to detectable levels throughout the study. The results led a conclusion that Sophy b-glucan enhances NK activity and cellular immunity in L. amazonensis-infected mice.

Modulation of inflammation response to murine cutaneous Leishmaniasis by homeopathic medicines: Antimonium crudum 30cH

“…HE staining. Objective 4Â.cells participation in this process is minimal 46. From the B lymphocytes population, the ones identified as double positive (CD19+ CD11b+) were considered as B-1 cells and the ones only positive to CD19 were considered as B-2.…”

Improved β-glucan yield using an Aureobasidium pullulans M-2 mutant strain in a 200-L pilot scale fermentor targeting industrial mass production

“…Purified sample was dissolved in dimethyl Sulfoxide-d6 (DMSO-d6) and then heated at 80°C for 30 min, followed by H-D exchange by adding deuterium water. 13 C NMR spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 at room temperature using a Varian INOVA 500 NMR spectrometer (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA) operating at 125.7 MHz. Purified sample was dissolved in DMSO-d6 and then heated at 100°C for 1 h, and 1 H NMR NMR spectra were recorded using an INOVA 600 NMR spectrometer at 599.5 MHz [20].…”

“…This means that -glucan increases phagocytosis activity and nitric oxide production and inflammatory responses in vivo and in vitro [10]. The production of inflammatory cytokines enhances various physiological activities such as immunopotentiation, anti-tumor activity, and cancer cell proliferation suppression that maintain or promote good health [11][12][13][14]. Thus, applications of the -glucans, not only as food additives and functional foods, but also as medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic raw materials are increasing year by year.…”

Evaluation of adjuvant activity of fractions derived from Agaricus blazei, when in association with the recombinant LiHyp1 protein, to protect against visceral leishmaniasis

“…A number of carbohydrate compounds extracted from plants (Rajput et al, 2007), bacteria (Koike et al, 1998), and yeast (Pillemer and Ecker, 1941) have emerged as promising vaccine adjuvant candidates. Their protective effects induced in immunotherapy have also been proven to act against L. amazonensis (Yatawara et al, 2009), L. donovani (Cook et al, 1982), and L. major (Al Tuwaijri et al, 1987). In addition, carbohydrates' adjuvant activity against L. donovani in a golden hamster model has been registered (Cook et al, 1982;Obaid et al, 1989).…”