AuPt nanocrystals/polydopamine supported on open-pored hollow carbon nanospheres for a dual-signaling electrochemical ratiometric immunosensor towards h-FABP detection
“…Electrochemical-based biosensors can be exploited to achieve a very low limit of detection (LOD) in immunoassays. An ideal electrochemical immunosensor should enable high sample loading and long-term durability/reproducibility without affecting biological activity. , Recently, immunosensors gained much attention for clinical diagnosis as they can detect specific interaction between the target antigen and antibodies that form a stable immunocomplex. The antigen–antibody interaction generates measurable electrical signals in response to biomolecule concentration changes.…”
A g-C
3
N
4
/ZnO (graphitic carbon
nitride/zinc
oxide) nanocomposite-decorated gold electrode was employed to design
an antigen–antibody-based electrochemical biosensor to detect
Helicobacter pylori
specific toxin, vacuolating cytotoxin
A (VacA). The thermal condensation method was used to synthesize the
g-C
3
N
4
/ZnO nanocomposite, and the nanocomposite
was deposited electrochemically on a gold electrode. The morphology
as well as the structure of the synthesized nanocomposite were confirmed
by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis,
X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared techniques. The
nanocomposite efficiently increased the sensor performance by amplifying
the signals. EDC-NHS chemistry was exploited for attachment of VacA
antibodies covalently with the g-C
3
N
4
/ZnO-modified
gold electrode. This modified electrode was exploited for immunosensing
of
H. pylori
-specific VacA antigen.
The immunosensor was stable for up to 30 days and exhibited good sensitivity
of 0.3 μA
–1
ng mL
–1
in a
linear detection range of 0.1 to 12.8 ng mL
–1
. Apart
from this, the fabricated sensor showed unprecedented reproducibility
and remarkable selectivity toward the
H. pylori
toxin VacA. Thus, the highly sensitive immunosensor is a desirable
platform for
H. pylori
detection in
practical applications and clinical diagnosis.
“…Electrochemical-based biosensors can be exploited to achieve a very low limit of detection (LOD) in immunoassays. An ideal electrochemical immunosensor should enable high sample loading and long-term durability/reproducibility without affecting biological activity. , Recently, immunosensors gained much attention for clinical diagnosis as they can detect specific interaction between the target antigen and antibodies that form a stable immunocomplex. The antigen–antibody interaction generates measurable electrical signals in response to biomolecule concentration changes.…”
A g-C
3
N
4
/ZnO (graphitic carbon
nitride/zinc
oxide) nanocomposite-decorated gold electrode was employed to design
an antigen–antibody-based electrochemical biosensor to detect
Helicobacter pylori
specific toxin, vacuolating cytotoxin
A (VacA). The thermal condensation method was used to synthesize the
g-C
3
N
4
/ZnO nanocomposite, and the nanocomposite
was deposited electrochemically on a gold electrode. The morphology
as well as the structure of the synthesized nanocomposite were confirmed
by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis,
X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared techniques. The
nanocomposite efficiently increased the sensor performance by amplifying
the signals. EDC-NHS chemistry was exploited for attachment of VacA
antibodies covalently with the g-C
3
N
4
/ZnO-modified
gold electrode. This modified electrode was exploited for immunosensing
of
H. pylori
-specific VacA antigen.
The immunosensor was stable for up to 30 days and exhibited good sensitivity
of 0.3 μA
–1
ng mL
–1
in a
linear detection range of 0.1 to 12.8 ng mL
–1
. Apart
from this, the fabricated sensor showed unprecedented reproducibility
and remarkable selectivity toward the
H. pylori
toxin VacA. Thus, the highly sensitive immunosensor is a desirable
platform for
H. pylori
detection in
practical applications and clinical diagnosis.
“…Feng and co-workers have developed a ratiometric immunosensor for H-FABP; Fig. 4A,B shows a schematic diagram of the fabrication steps of the sensor and how it measures H-FABP [ 205 ]. The sensor utilises gold nanodendrites (Fig.…”
Section: Current Electrochemical/electroanalytical Approaches To Dete...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The sensor measures H-FABP over the range 0.001 to 200.0 ng mL −1 and has a very low LOD of 0.53 pg mL −1 . The authors demonstrated the successful determination of H-FABP in human serum with recoveries of 100.1–101.7%, indicating that the sensor holds promise in clinical application [ 205 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Current Electrochemical/electroanalytical Approaches To Dete...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…C) Summary of the electrochemical sensing platform and DPV signal acquired at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 200 ng mL −1 of H-FABP. Reproduced and adapted with permission from ref [ 205 ]. Copyright Elsevier 2021 …”
Section: Current Electrochemical/electroanalytical Approaches To Dete...mentioning
Determination of specific cardiac biomarkers (CBs) during the diagnosis and management of adverse cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has become commonplace in emergency department (ED), cardiology and many other ward settings. Cardiac troponins (cTnT and cTnI) and natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-pro-BNP) are the preferred biomarkers in clinical practice for the diagnostic workup of AMI, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and other types of myocardial ischaemia and heart failure (HF), while the roles and possible clinical applications of several other potential biomarkers continue to be evaluated and are the subject of several comprehensive reviews. The requirement for rapid, repeated testing of a small number of CBs in ED and cardiology patients has led to the development of point-of-care (PoC) technology to circumvent the need for remote and lengthy testing procedures in the hospital pathology laboratories. Electroanalytical sensing platforms have the potential to meet these requirements. This review aims firstly to reflect on the potential benefits of rapid CB testing in critically ill patients, a very distinct cohort of patients with deranged baseline levels of CBs. We summarise their source and clinical relevance and are the first to report the required analytical ranges for such technology to be of value in this patient cohort. Secondly, we review the current electrochemical approaches, including its sub-variants such as photoelectrochemical and electrochemiluminescence, for the determination of important CBs highlighting the various strategies used, namely the use of micro- and nanomaterials, to maximise the sensitivities and selectivities of such approaches. Finally, we consider the challenges that must be overcome to allow for the commercialisation of this technology and transition into intensive care medicine.
Graphical abstract
“…Electrochemical analytical devices are now in the spotlight to achieve such goals. In this context, the development of electrochemical biosensors could be an ideal scheme due to their superior selectivity and sensitivity, possibility of portability, short analysis time, and simplicity at a low cost ( Feng et al, 2021 ; Gattani et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2021 ). To date, electrochemical biosensors have been successfully fabricated to detect a variety of viruses such as dengue virus (DENV) ( Navakul et al, 2017 ), Ebola virus (EBV) ( Ilkhani and Farhad, 2018 ), human immune deficiency virus (HIV) ( Hu et al, 2018 ), Zika virus (ZIKV) ( Faria and Mazon, 2019 ), hepatitis A virus (HAV) ( Manzano et al, 2018 ), and most recently SARS-CoV-2 ( Farzin et al, 2021 ; Yakoh et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ).…”
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