Augmented Reality, Cyber-Physical Systems, and Feedback Control for Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Abstract

Our objective in this paper is to review the application of feedback ideas in the area of additive manufacturing. Both the application of feedback control to the 3D printing process, and the application of feedback theory to enable users to interact better with machines, are reviewed. Where appropriate, opportunities for future work are highlighted.

Smart additive manufacturing: Current artificial intelligence-enabled methods and future perspectives

“…At the system level, the CPS has shown great potential recently [41]. Researchers have also developed CPS for 3D printers [7,38,42,43]. A digital twin of the physical 3D printer has to process a lot of data and optimize the printing process in real-time.…”

I-nteract: A Cyber-Physical System for Real-Time Interaction With Physical and Virtual Objects Using Mixed Reality Technologies for Additive Manufacturing

“…The technological advancements in the areas of MR, robotics, computer vision, and ML has already enabled the development of many intuitive and realistic interfaces for humans to interact with both the physical and digital world in real time. Further, in recent years, extensive research has been devoted to improve the real-time representation of the virtual world in users' physical environment using these innovative technologies [7]. The present section focuses on the research endeavors of such novel interfaces in the context of 3D modelling for AM.…”

“…Moreover, most CAD design software not only require professional training but also restrain the design of 3D virtual models to 2D interfaces, making the design process unintuitive and cumbersome for the non-technical consumers [5], [6]. In this context, innovations in the design of CPS and technological advancements in its supporting tools (IoT, MR, robotics, ML) are playing an important role for the widespread adoption of AM by the general public as well as the industry [7]. I-nteract [8] is a CPS that enables the user to interact with both the virtual as well as the physical objects (deformable and non-deformable) simultaneously in a visio-haptic mixed reality (VHMR) environment.…”

Stand for Checkup and Diagnostics of the State of Industrial Objects

“…The model of primary statistical transformation is shown in Fig. 1 [2]. where D l is the dispersion ratio of the wavelet transform process; w l is the frequency ratio of the wavelet transform process; r is the linear correlation between the spectral components of the wavelet transform process.…”