“…The two-glass pre-and post-massage test (PPMT), which requires clean catch urine specimen before massage and a first-stream urine after, provides similar results and is a reasonable alternative for at least initial evaluation (Nickel et al, 2006). PSA levels are elevated in <20% of men with this infection (Wise and Shteynshlyuger, 2008;Lipsky et al, 2010).…”
Prostatitis is a common urinary tract condition but bring innumerable trouble to clinicians in treatment, as well as great financial burden to patients and the society. Bacterial prostatitis (acute bacterial prostatitis plus chronic bacterial prostatitis) accounting for approximately 20% among all prostatitis have made the urological clinics complain about the genital and urinary systems all over the world. The international challenges of antibacterial treatment (emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, extended-spectrum beta-lactamaseproducing bacteria, bacterial biofilms production and the shift in bacterial etiology) and the transformation of therapeutic strategy for classic therapy have attracted worldwide attention. To the best of our knowledge currently, there is not a single comprehensive review, which can completely elaborate these important topics and the corresponding treatment strategy in an effective way. This review summarizes the general treatment choices for bacterial prostatitis also provides the alternative pharmacological therapies for those patients resistant or intolerant to general treatment.
“…The two-glass pre-and post-massage test (PPMT), which requires clean catch urine specimen before massage and a first-stream urine after, provides similar results and is a reasonable alternative for at least initial evaluation (Nickel et al, 2006). PSA levels are elevated in <20% of men with this infection (Wise and Shteynshlyuger, 2008;Lipsky et al, 2010).…”
Prostatitis is a common urinary tract condition but bring innumerable trouble to clinicians in treatment, as well as great financial burden to patients and the society. Bacterial prostatitis (acute bacterial prostatitis plus chronic bacterial prostatitis) accounting for approximately 20% among all prostatitis have made the urological clinics complain about the genital and urinary systems all over the world. The international challenges of antibacterial treatment (emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, extended-spectrum beta-lactamaseproducing bacteria, bacterial biofilms production and the shift in bacterial etiology) and the transformation of therapeutic strategy for classic therapy have attracted worldwide attention. To the best of our knowledge currently, there is not a single comprehensive review, which can completely elaborate these important topics and the corresponding treatment strategy in an effective way. This review summarizes the general treatment choices for bacterial prostatitis also provides the alternative pharmacological therapies for those patients resistant or intolerant to general treatment.
“…31 These factors and statistics reveal that only 1 of 5 infectious disease products that start clinical trials will obtain regulatory approval. 26,32,33 Thus, leading to a paradox where new antibiotic drugs are critically needed, while the antibiotic pipeline continues to run dry. As new antimicrobials are found, experts should be aware of the chasm between laboratory discovery and marketing to ensure that promising technologies are pushed forward.…”
Section: Mechanism Of Actionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The number of R&D teams experienced in discovery of antibiotics has been diminishing over the years as a direct consequence of mergers in large pharmaceutical companies. 26,33 Currently only 4 large pharmaceutical companies (Merck & Co., Roche, GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer) still have active antibiotic programmes with a limited presence of small-medium sized enterprises (SMEs). 34 Consequently, there has been a slow and steady loss of knowledge and capacity in antimicrobial development that, coupled with the difficulties inherent to the development of novel antimicrobial substances, has pushed forward translation over innovation.…”
The global surge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major concern for public health and proving to be a key challenge in modern disease treatment, requiring action plans at all levels.
“…Se reconoce cada vez más el papel fundamental de las bacterias grampositivas y de las bacterias atípicas ( Ureplasma spp., Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis , etc.) como agentes directamente implicados en la etiología de esta entidad [ 4 ].…”
Objectives. The importance of Gram-positive microorganisms and atypical bacteria in chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) has recently been described. For this reason, this study analyzes the etiology of CBP, as well as the evolution of antibiotic resistance through a systematic review. Material and methods. A systematic review of studies obtained through the MEDLINE (PubMed) database, related to the etiology and antibiotic resistance profile of CBP, published up July 1, 2021. Results. The most frequent isolated microorganisms that we have found in publications are Enterococcus faecalis (46.90%), Staphylococcus spp. (22.30%), Escherichia coli (15.09%) and atypical bacteria (6.04%). Conclusions. CBP is undergoing and unprecedented change of paradigm. Gram-positive bacteria and atypical bacteria are the main pathogens involved in the aetiology of this entity. This forces us to rethink the therapeutic strategy used, since it is necessary to use antibiotics that assume the etiological change and the profile of antibiotic resistance described.
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