Atypical depression and alcohol misuse are related to the cardiovascular risk in the general population

Abstract

To conclude results emphasize the need to subtype depression and to pay particular attention to the atypical subtype. Comorbid alcohol misuse may further increase the cardiovascular risk. Efforts to diminish smoking in subjects with mental disorders could be crucial measures to reduce their high incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Atypical features in depression: Association with obesity and bipolar disorder

“…The same results were found for lifetime, current, and past depression. In a Swiss cross-sectional study, atypical depression was associated with increased prevalence of overweight (Glaus et al, 2013). Also, Levitan et al (2012), using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, demonstrated that subjects with atypical depression had markedly elevated obesity rates compared to population controls and other depressed subjects.…”

“…A positive association between depression, especially atypical one, and obesity has been demonstrated in both longitudinal Lasserre et al, 2014) and cross-sectional studies Glaus et al, 2013;Chou and Yu, 2013). A reciprocal link between depression and obesity was suggested: obesity was found to increase the risk of clinically diagnosed depression, and depression was found to be predictive of developing obesity.…”

Aspirin and statin use and the subsequent development of depression in men and women: Results from a longitudinal population-based study

“…Aside from the anti-platelet aggregation activity of aspirin and the lipid-lowering function of statins, these medications have been postulated to have anti-inflammatory properties (Antithrombotic Trialists et al, 2009;Antonopoulos et al, 2012). Depression has been found to be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk (Baune et al, 2012;Glaus et al, 2013;Penninx et al, 2013) and low-grade chronic inflammation is a possible mechanism that could underlie this association (Baune et al, 2012). Hence, it has been suggested that the regular use of aspirin or statins could be protective against depression (Berk et al, 2013;Stafford and Berk, 2011;While and Keen, 2012;Parsaik et al, 2014).…”

Associations between mood, anxiety or substance use disorders and inflammatory markers after adjustment for multiple covariates in a population-based study

“…Chronic inflammation as part of the innate immune response has been postulated to be one mechanism (Baune et al, 2012;Dinan, 2009;Vogelzangs et al, 2013) underlying the welldocumented associations of mental disorders with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) (Glaus et al, 2013;Van Reedt Dortland et al, 2013) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Baune et al, 2012). Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a (Dowlati et al, 2010;Mota et al, 2013) induce the production of acute-phase proteins including the Creactive protein (CRP) (Maes et al, 1997), which is a common marker of underlying low-grade inflammation (Ford and Erlinger, 2004).…”