Atypical Cowpox Virus Infection in Smallpox-Vaccinated Patient, France

Andréani, Julien; Arnault, Jean‐Philippe; Khalil, Jacques Bou; Abrahão, Jônatas Santos; Tomeï, Enora; Vial, Emeline; Bideau, Marion Le; Raoult, Didier; Scola, Bernard La

doi:10.3201/eid2502.171433

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Taking the A56R sequence comparison into consideration, we believe that CPXV-54-1716-France virus branched off from the proposed E3 subclade cluster in Europe (46). We also found in this cluster E3, CPXV isolated in 2011, 2014, and 2016, all circulating in the same region in France (6,47). This result strengthens the observations of an endemic circulating CPXV subclade E3 or CPXV-like 2 clade in France (46).…”

Section: Fatal Cowpox Virus Infection In Human Fetussupporting

confidence: 85%

Fatal Cowpox Virus Infection in Human Fetus, France, 2017

Ferrier¹,

Frenois-Veyrat²,

Schvoerer³

et al. 2021

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Cowpox virus (CPXV) has an animal reservoir and is typically transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals. In 2017, CPXV infection of a pregnant woman in France led to the death of her fetus. Fetal death after maternal orthopoxvirus (smallpox) vaccination has been reported; however, this patient had not been vaccinated. Investigation of the patient’s domestic animals failed to demonstrate prevalence of CPXV infection among them. The patient’s diagnosis was confirmed by identifying CPXV DNA in all fetal and maternal biopsy samples and infectious CPXV in biopsy but not plasma samples. This case of fetal death highlights the risk for complications of orthopoxvirus infection during pregnancy. Among orthopoxviruses, fetal infection has been reported for variola virus and vaccinia virus; our findings suggest that CPXV poses the same threats for infection complications as vaccinia virus.

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Section: Fatal Cowpox Virus Infection In Human Fetussupporting

confidence: 85%

Fatal Cowpox Virus Infection in Human Fetus, France, 2017

Ferrier¹,

Frenois-Veyrat²,

Schvoerer³

et al. 2021

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…The second time, the viral pellet was resuspended in survival buffer. In control experiments, sample cultures of Staphylococcus aureus were used as positive controls, and viral supernatant from cowpoxvirus cultured on Vero (ATCC CCL-81) African green monkey kidney cells (17) was used as negative control. The MitoTracker Deep Red 633 (50 µg) was reconstituted in 1.5 mL of Peptone Yeast culture medium (PYG) culture medium to obtain a solution stock of 33.3 µg/mL, which was subsequently tested in survival buffer in IBIDI ® petri µ-dishes previously coated with poly-L lysine to retain adherent cells, even at late time points of infection and after the wash steps.…”

Section: Assessment Of a Membrane Electrogradient In P Massiliensis mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tricarboxylic acid cycle and proton gradient inPandoravirus massiliensis: Is it still a virus?

Aherfi

Belhaouari

Pinault

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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Since the discovery of Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus, the first giant virus of amoeba, the historical hallmarks defining a virus have been challenged. Giant virion sizes can reach up to 2.3 µm, making them visible by optical microscopy. They have large genomes of up to 2.5 Mb that encode proteins involved in the translation apparatus. Herein, we investigated possible energy production in Pandoravirus massiliensis, the largest of our giant virus collection. MitoTracker and TMRM mitochondrial membrane markers allowed for the detection of a membrane potential in virions that could be abolished by the use of the depolarizing agent CCCP. An attempt to identify enzymes involved in energy metabolism revealed that 8 predicted proteins of P. massiliensis exhibited low sequence identities with defined proteins involved in the universal tricarboxylic acid cycle (acetyl Co-A synthase; citrate synthase; aconitase; isocitrate dehydrogenase; α-ketoglutarate decarboxylase; succinate dehydrogenase; fumarase). All 8 viral predicted ORFs were transcribed together during viral replication, mainly at the end of the replication cycle. Two of these proteins were detected in mature viral particles by proteomics. The product of the ORF132, a predicted protein of P. massiliensis, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, provided a functional isocitrate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate. We observed that membrane potential was enhanced by low concentrations of Acetyl-CoA, a regulator of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Our findings show for the first time that energy production can occur in viruses, namely, pandoraviruses, and the involved enzymes are related to tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes. The presence of a proton gradient in P. massiliensis coupled with the observation of genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle make this virus a form a life for which it is legitimate to question ‘what is a virus?’.

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“…Cowpox virus (CPV) is a zoonotic virus which is closely related to vaccinia and variola viruses. It exhibits a broad host range [ 127 ] and is known to cause human infections limited to Europe and adjacent regions of Russia [ 128 ]. The virus also has historical importance, as it was used by Edward Jenner to immunize against smallpox.…”

Section: Viral Complement Regulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-Encoded Complement Regulators: Current Status

Sinha

Singh

Kadni

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Viruses require a host for replication and survival and hence are subjected to host immunological pressures. The complement system, a crucial first response of the host immune system, is effective in targeting viruses and virus-infected cells, and boosting the antiviral innate and acquired immune responses. Thus, the system imposes a strong selection pressure on viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved multiple countermeasures against host complement. A major mechanism employed by viruses to subvert the complement system is encoding proteins that target complement. Since viruses have limited genome size, most of these proteins are multifunctional in nature. In this review, we provide up to date information on the structure and complement regulatory functions of various viral proteins.

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Atypical Cowpox Virus Infection in Smallpox-Vaccinated Patient, France

Cited by 21 publications

References 46 publications

Fatal Cowpox Virus Infection in Human Fetus, France, 2017

Fatal Cowpox Virus Infection in Human Fetus, France, 2017

Tricarboxylic acid cycle and proton gradient inPandoravirus massiliensis: Is it still a virus?

Virus-Encoded Complement Regulators: Current Status

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