“…Correspondingly, there is much debate on this component and from many different perspectives, including theoretical and conceptual arguments (e.g. on de facto and de jure independence, Hayo and Voigt, 2007; from a regulatory perspective, Gilardi, 2007, andMaggetti, 2007), the development of independence (Funnell, 1994(Funnell, , 1997a, the normative conditions for effective auditing (Bartel and van Rietschoten, 1994), empirical and practical analysis (Czasche-Meseke, 1995;Grasso and Sharkansky, 2001), communication strategies of audit institutions (González et al, 2008), the application of different audit methods (Barzelay, 1997;Leeuw, 1996;Pendlebury and Shreim, 1991) and the effects of the organizational design of audit institutions (Blume and Voigt, 2011). Nevertheless, empirical research on issues concerning the de facto independence of SAIs in terms of the selection of top officials remains scarce.…”