Attenuation of Inflammatory Mediators (TNF-α and Nitric Oxide) and Up-Regulation of IL-10 by Wild and Domesticated Basidiocarps of Amauroderma rugosum (Blume & T. Nees) Torrend in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells

Abstract

Amauroderma rugosum, commonly known as “Jiǎzī” in China, is a wild mushroom traditionally used by the Chinese to reduce inflammation, to treat diuretic and upset stomach, and to prevent cancer. It is also used by the indigenous communities in Malaysia to prevent epileptic episodes and incessant crying by babies. The aim of this study was to compare the wild and domesticated basidiocarps of A. rugosum for antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The wild basidiocarps of A. rugosum were collected from the Belum Forest, Perak, Malaysia and the domesticated basidiocarps of A. rugosum were cultivated in the mushroom house located in the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Both the wild and domesticated basidiocarps were subjected to ethanolic extraction and the extracts were tested for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, the crude ethanolic extract of wild (WB) and domesticated (DB) basidiocarps of A. rugosum had comparable total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity. However, WB (EC50 = 222.90 μg/mL) displayed a better ABTS cation radical scavenging activity than DB (EC50 = 469.60 μg/mL). Both WB and DB were able to scavenge nitric oxide (NO) radical and suppress the NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and this effect was mediated through the down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. In addition, both WB and DB caused down-regulation of the inflammatory gene TNF-α and the up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory gene IL-10. There was no inhibitory effect of WB and DB on nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. In conclusion, the wild and domesticated basidiocarps of A. rugosum possessed antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties. WB and DB inhibited downstream inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and NO) and induced anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production. No inhibitory effects shown on upstream nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. WB and DB exhibited antioxidant activity and attenuation of proinflammatory mediators and therefore, A. rugosum may serve as a potential therapeutic agent in the management of inflammation.

Mushroom Polysaccharides: Chemistry and Antiobesity, Antidiabetes, Anticancer, and Antibiotic Properties in Cells, Rodents, and Humans

“…Although mushrooms are a potential source of anti-inflammatory compounds [ 94 , 95 , 96 ], it is not possible to know for certain to what extent polysaccharides contribute to their biological functionalities. Moreover, only limited information seems to be available on the chemical basis of the numerous bioactivities of mushroom polysaccharides [ 6 ].…”

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of compounds isolated from the rhizome of Ophiopogon japonicas

“…Macrophages play a vital role in inflammatory response in the initiation, maintenance and resolution of inflammation [2]. In macrophages, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a well-known endotoxin, induces the release of numerous pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which play a major role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders and serve as significant biomarkers for the assessment of the inflammatory process [3–6]. iNOS is a protein whose expression is regulated by activation of NF-κB, which contribute to the production of NO [7, 8].…”

Immune-stimulatory potential of hot water extracts of selected edible mushrooms

“…The stimulation of a wide variety of cellsurface receptors by mushroom polysaccharides has been demonstrated to lead directly to NF-κB activation and fairly rapid changes in gene expression (Chen, Lu, Qu, Wang, & Zhang, 2010). Nitrite oxide (NO) production is a major mediator of macrophages cells which is activated by NF-κB inflammatory signalling mechanism (Chan et al, 2015). The NO production may destroy bacterial infections and tumour cells due to its immune response capability (Iuvone, Esposito, Capasso, & Izzo, 2003).…”