“…In this case, the experiment deals with the processing of real letters or written words, and pseudoletters are used as a baseline to control for the task execution processes, which are not specific to real letters/words (e.g., detection of visual features) (e.g., Ben-Shachar, Dougherty, Deutsch, & Wandell, 2007;Longcamp, Anton, Roth, & Velay, 2003;Turkeltaub, Fig. 1 Examples of artificial characters used in previous studies (from left to right: Yoncheva et al, 2010;Bitan et al, 2003;Brooks, 1977;Williams, 1969;Jeffrey et al, 1967;and Taylor et al, 2011) Gareau, Flowers, Zeffiro, & Eden, 2003). Another reason to use unknown characters for the control condition is that it makes it possible to reduce the familiarity with the symbols while maintaining visual characteristics identical to those of letters used in the experimental conditions (e.g., Chanceaux, Mathôt, & Grainger, 2014;Petersen, Fox, Snyder, & Raichle, 1990;Vinckier et al, 2007).…”