Attention Structure as the Basis of Primate Rank Orders

Chance, M. R. A.

doi:10.2307/2799336

Cited by 363 publications

(220 citation statements)

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“…Converging lines of research show that young children (3-4 year olds) automatically track the gaze of other people, and preferentially imitate the preferences of those most gazed at by others, even when they are alone (Chudek, Heller, Birch, & Henrich, submitted for publication). These data also lend strong support to the idea that others could use gaze following as an indicator of social status within a group: the person who receives the most glances from other group members, or who is gazed at the longest may be perceived as the high status individual (Chance, 1967;Emery, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Ring-tailed lemurs also show spontaneous gaze following of other social group members in their natural environment, suggesting that social attention evolved early in species that interact in social groups (Shepherd & Platt, 2008). Chance (1967) hypothesized that social attention would reflect the dominance hierarchy of primate groups, such that the dominant individual receives the greatest number of glances, and a recent study of patas monkeys supported this prediction (McNelis & Boatright-Horowitz, 1998). It has also been demonstrated that the effectiveness of gaze as a social cue depends on the relative social status of the individual: low status monkeys reflexively follow the gaze of any familiar monkey, but high-status macaques will only respond in this way to other high-status animals (Shepherd, Deaner, & Platt, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaze allocation in a dynamic situation: Effects of social status and speaking

et al. 2010

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a b s t r a c tHuman visual attention operates in a context that is complex, social and dynamic. To explore this, we recorded people taking part in a group decision-making task and then showed video clips of these situations to new participants while tracking their eye movements. Observers spent the majority of time looking at the people in the videos, and in particular at their eyes and faces. The social status of the people in the clips had been rated by their peers in the group task, and this status hierarchy strongly predicted where eyetracker participants looked: high-status individuals were gazed at much more often, and for longer, than low-status individuals, even over short, 20-s videos. Fixation was temporally coupled to the person who was talking at any one time, but this did not account for the effect of social status on attention. These results are consistent with a gaze system that is attuned to the presence of other individuals, to their social status within a group, and to the information most useful for social interaction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze allocation in a dynamic situation: Effects of social status and speaking

et al. 2010

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“…It would be interesting to consider responsiveness to gaze cues as a function of social status in other contexts. While previous research has underlined the importance of the 'attentional structure' of groups (Chance, 1967;Watts, 1998), there may also be some relationship between gaze monitoring and social hierarchy (see Blois-Heulin & Girona, 1999, for patterns and targets of looking relative to rank in a species of Old World monkeys). Lower ranking individuals may gauge the visual orientation of dominants and thus assess the risk of approaching desirable social partners or food items, for example (Hare, Agnetta & Tomasello, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of human visual attention cues by olive baboons (Papio anubis) in a competitive task.

Vick¹,

Anderson²

2003

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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The ability of four olive baboons (Papio anubis) to use human gaze cues during a competitive task was investigated; the baboons were allowed to remove only the non-fixated one of two simultaneously presented food items. Three baboons successfully learned to exploit the human's head orientation as a cue to obtain a food item, and one individual also learned to use eye direction alone. As the baboons did not receive prior training with gross gestural cues, their performance suggests that the competitive paradigm may be more conducive to gaze monitoring in nonhuman primates than the standard objectchoice paradigm. However, the baboons were insensitive to whether the experimenter could actually perceive the food item and therefore use of visual orientation cues may not be indicative of visual perspective-taking abilities in baboons. Performance was disrupted by the introduction of a screen and objects to conceal the food items, and to a lesser degree by the absence of movement in cues presented.

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“…Admittedly, the model described in our study cannot claim to be more than a second step-and it is hard to know how many such steps will have to follow. Future elaboration will have to incorporate certain salient facets of social behavior that are neglected in the present model-^for instance, smiling and laughing, the coy response described by Bretherton and Ainsworth (1974), the phenomenon of shame, the systems of sexual and matemal motivation, the readiness to attract as well as to pay attention (Chance 1967). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systems Approach toward the Functional Connections of Attachment and Fear

Bischof¹

1975

Child Development

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DEVELOPMENT, 1975, 46, 801-817. Proceeding from J. Bowlby's attachment theory and W. A. Mason's arousal theory, a control model is developed that is capable of accounting for basic processes of mammalian social behavior. In particuW, the model simulates the transition from a state of attachment to familiar conspecifics and fear of strangers to a stage of detachment from the familiar and exploration of the stranger. Seme of the model's predictions were tested in animal experiments and proved to be in satisfactory correspondence with the behavior actoally observe

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Attention Structure as the Basis of Primate Rank Orders

Cited by 363 publications

References 0 publications

Gaze allocation in a dynamic situation: Effects of social status and speaking

Gaze allocation in a dynamic situation: Effects of social status and speaking

Use of human visual attention cues by olive baboons (Papio anubis) in a competitive task.

A Systems Approach toward the Functional Connections of Attachment and Fear

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