Attention, Encoding, and Information Processing in Low- and High-Test-Anxious Children

Dusek, Jerome B.; Mergler, Nancy L.; Kermis, Marguerite D.

doi:10.2307/1128300

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Figures Test, which is based on non-face stimuli but is conceptually similar to the face test employed here (Dusek, Mergler, & Deyaegerkermis, 1976). Neuroticism also appears to impair cognitive performance on a variety of tasks (e.g., see Matthews, 2004;Robinson & Tamir, 2005), which could suggest that the correlations between anxiety/neuroticism and face matching that were observed here are general effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Individual differences in personality and face identification

Megreya

Bindemann

2013

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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Word count (excluding abstract, figure legends and references): 3052 2 ! AbstractUnfamiliar face identification is characterized by substantial variation between individual observers, but the cause of this variation is largely unknown. This study investigated whether individual differences in face identification are linked to an observerÕs personality, by combining performance on an established face-matching test with two in-depth personality assessments (the 16PF5 and the NEO-PI-R). The face test revealed a broad distribution in identification ability, but associations between face perception and personality were found only in female observers. In this group, correct face identifications related to low anxiety, low tension, and high emotional stability. These results suggest that associations between personality and face perception are limited, and are confined to anxiety and facets of neuroticism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Individual differences in personality and face identification

Megreya

Bindemann

2013

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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“…those to which the children were not instructed to attend, but which were paired with the target figures. Importantly, this score of attention to irrelevant stimuli is known to correlate positively with increased anxiety (Dusek et al 1976). Furthermore, this incidental attention score was greater in children with lower post-stress insulin (but not glucose) levels during fasting.…”

Section: Effects Of Breakfast In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 91%

Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility

Gibson

Green

2002

NRR

119

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The impact of nutritional variation, within populations not overtly malnourished, on cognitive function and arousal is considered. The emphasis is on susceptibility to acute effects of meals and glucose loads, and chronic effects of dieting, on mental performance, and effects of cholesterol and vitamin levels on cognitive impairment. New developments in understanding dietary influences on neurohormonal systems, and their implications for cognition and affect, allow reinterpretation of both earlier and recent findings. Evidence for a detrimental effect of omitting a meal on cognitive performance remains equivocal: from the outset, idiosyncrasy has prevailed. Yet, for young and nutritionally vulnerable children, breakfast is more likely to benefit than hinder performance. For nutrient composition, despite inconsistencies, some cautious predictions can be made. Acutely, carbohydrate-rich-protein-poor meals can be sedating and anxiolytic; by comparison, protein-rich meals may be arousing, improving reaction time but also increasing unfocused vigilance. Fat-rich meals can lead to a decline in alertness, especially where they differ from habitual fat intake. These acute effects may vary with time of day and nutritional status. Chronically, protein-rich diets have been associated with decreased positive and increased negative affect relative to carbohydrate-rich diets. Probable mechanisms include diet-induced changes in monoamine, especially serotoninergic neurotransmitter activity, and functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. Effects are interpreted in the context of individual traits and susceptibility to challenging, even stressful, tests of performance. Preoccupation with dieting may impair cognition by interfering with working memory capacity, independently of nutritional status. The change in cognitive performance after administration of glucose, and other foods, may depend on the level of sympathetic activation, glucocorticoid secretion, and pancreatic ␤-cell function, rather than simple fuelling

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“…In the studies by Dusek et al (1975Dusek et al ( , 1976, the secondary task stimuli (drawings of household objects) were comparable in salience to the primary task stimuli (drawings of animals) and were presented together. In both studies, participants high in test anxiety had significantly better recall of the secondary task stimuli than those low in test anxiety, with the opposite being the case for recall of the primary task stimuli.…”

Section: Hypothesis 3: Anxiety Impairs Attentional Control By Increasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, attentional control theory predicts that anxiety should not impair secondary task performance because the stimulus-driven attentional system has more influence on anxious than on nonanxious individuals, and this reduces the attentional focus on the primary task emphasized in the instructions. There are six relevant studies (Dusek, Kermis, & Mergler, 1975; Dusek, Mergler, & Kermis, 1976; Markowitz, 1969; Shapiro & Johnson, 1987; Shapiro & Lim, 1989; Solso, Johnson, & Schatz, 1968), all discussed in the following paragraphs.…”

Section: Attention Control Theory: Hypotheses and Empirical Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory.

Eysenck¹,

Derakshan²,

Santos³

et al. 2007

Emotion

3,827

426

3,627

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Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo's (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processing is influenced by the stimulus-driven attentional system. In addition to decreasing attentional control, anxiety increases attention to threat-related stimuli. Adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions involving attentional control: inhibition and shifting. However, anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness (quality of performance) when it leads to the use of compensatory strategies (e.g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources). Directions for future research are discussed.

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Attention, Encoding, and Information Processing in Low- and High-Test-Anxious Children

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Individual differences in personality and face identification

Individual differences in personality and face identification

Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility

Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory.

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