“…Consistent with the multifaceted perspective of psychopathy ( Fowles and Dindo, 2009 ; Patrick and Bernat, 2009 ), impairments in empathic-emotional processing within psychopathy are particularly associated with its callousness–unemotionality/meanness traits ( Campos et al ., 2022 , for a recent meta-analysis), which encompass phenotypic attributes such as lack of close attachments with others, emotional coldness and insensitivity, absence of guilt, and empowerment through cruelty (see, for example, Patrick and Bernat, 2009 ). Empirical studies have supported this relationship, demonstrating that psychopathy callousness traits —mainly assessed by the Meanness scale of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM; Patrick, 2010 ) and by the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional traits (ICU; Frick, 2004 ; Kimonis et al ., 2008 )— predict decreased recognition accuracy and blunted electrocortical responses to fearful faces ( Brislin et al ., 2018 ; Brislin and Patrick, 2019 ), reduced reactivity of the right amygdala to fear expressions ( Viding et al ., 2012 ), diminished potentiation of the noise-elicited startle reflex in response to violent films ( Fanti et al ., 2016 ), and reduced elaborative processing —as indexed by diminished amplitudes of the late positive potential (LPP) —of pictures depicting aggressive interactions ( van Dongen et al ., 2018 ) and task-relevant affective pictures ( Ribes‐Guardiola et al ., 2023 ).…”