This study examined differential associations between phenotypic domains of the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy (boldness, meanness, and disinhibition;Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009), as assessed by the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (Patrick, 2010b), and the five-factor model (FFM) of normal personality, as indexed by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992; Spanish version, Costa & McCrae, 1999), in 349 undergraduates (96 men). Distinctive patterns of correlations for psychopathy components did not differ significantly across gender, although relations between Meanness and Agreeableness were stronger for men than for women. Our findings are largely consistent with the conceptualization of psychopathy in terms of FFM constructs and provide discriminant evidence in support of all 3 triarchic domains. Thus, meanness is marked by low Agreeableness and some degree of low Conscientiousness, whereas disinhibition is characterized both by low Conscientiousness and low Agreeableness along with high Neuroticism and Extraversion. Notably, the constellation of low Neuroticism, high Extraversion, and high Openness, with facets of low Agreeableness, supports the idea that boldness encompasses some adaptive features of psychological adjustment while depicting the interpersonal features of psychopathy.

The role of the two dimensions of psychopathy -dispositional fearlessness (theorized to reflect variations in reactivity of the brain's defensive system) and externalizing proneness (presumed to reflect variations in function of anterior regulatory systems)-in fear learning was examined in a sample of undergraduates assessed using the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) who participated in a differential aversive conditioning task. Only scores on selfreported 'fearless dominance' -irrespective of scores on 'impulsive antisociality'-were related to diminished acquisition of physiological fear. Consistent with dual-process accounts of psychopathy proposing divergent etiological pathways for the interpersonal/affective and the social deviance features of the disorder, our results lend support to the existence of a deficit in reactivity of the brain's defensive system underlying the fearlessness dimension of psychopathy.

Resumen: Este trabajo proporciona los valores normativos españoles de las 358 imágenes que forman los conjuntos 15 a 20 del International Affective Picture System (IAPS). En este estudio participaron 811 estudiantes universitarios (521 mujeres) que evaluaron las imágenes en las dimensiones emocionales de valencia, activación y dominancia. Las correlaciones entre las evaluaciones estadounidenses y las españolas en todas las dimensiones fueron altamente significativas y, como en Estados Unidos, la distribución de las imá-genes en el espacio bidimensional afectivo definido por las dimensiones de valencia y activación adoptó la típica forma de boomerang. Los resultados confirmaron, asimismo, las diferencias de género encontradas en Estados Unidos en las evaluaciones de las imágenes aversivas. Estos resultados son totalmente consistentes con los obtenidos en la primera y segunda parte de la adaptación española, y demuestran que la estandarización del IAPS en nuestro país ha sido adecuada. Por último, se ratificaron las pequeñas diferencias transculturales encontradas en las evaluaciones de activación y dominancia: los españoles tendieron a asignar a las imágenes mayores puntuaciones en activación y menores en dominancia que los estadounidenses. Estos datos apoyan los estereotipos culturales de estos países y sugieren que el IAPS podría ser un indicador fiable de diferencias transculturales en la disposición emocional. Palabras clave: International Affective Picture System (IAPS); emoción; valencia afectiva; activación; dominancia; diferencias transculturales; diferencias de géne-ro.Title: Spanish adaptation of the "International Affective Picture System" (IAPS). Third part. Abstract: The Spanish norms for pictures in shows 15 to 20 of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) are reported in this paper. Participants were 811 undergraduate university students (521 women), who rated the valence, arousal, and dominance of 358 pictures. The correlations between the North-American and the Spanish ratings were all highly significant and, like in the United States, the picture distribution in the bidimensional affective space, defined by the ratings on affective valence and arousal, displayed the typical boomerang shape. Our data also corroborated gender differences in aversive pictures found in North-Americans. These results are fully consistent with those obtained in the first and second part of the Spanish adaptation, and demonstrate that the standardization of IAPS in our country has been successful. Finally, our data confirmed the cross-cultural differences found in arousal and dominance ratings: Spanish participants tended to assign higher arousal and lower dominance scores to the pictures, as a whole, than North-Americans. These data support the general cultural stereotypes that exist for these countries and suggest that the IAPS might be a reliably index of cultural differences in emotional disposition. Key words: International Affective Picture System (IAPS); emotion; affective valence; arousal; dominance; ...

This investigation examined the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in male adult Spanish prison populations (n = 117). The interrater reliability and internal consistency coefficients were high, and similar to those obtained in other countries. This data provides support for the homogeneity and unidimensionality of the psychopathy construct in Spanish male prison samples. The analysis of factor structure also replicated the two factor solution of previous studies. The two factors showed different patterns of intercorrelations with several self-report measures of personality, demographic, and criminal history variables, which confirmed the construct validity of PCL-R. The results confirm the psychometric properties of the PCL-R as a measure of psychopathy in Spanish male inmates, and suggest that psychopathy is a construct also observed in Southern European countries.

There is abundant evidence in memory research that emotional stimuli are better remembered than neutral stimuli. However, effects of an emotionally charged context on memory for associated neutral elements is also important, particularly in trauma and stress-related disorders, where strong memories are often activated by neutral cues due to their emotional associations. In the present study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate long-term recognition memory (1-week delay) for neutral objects that had been paired with emotionally arousing or neutral scenes during encoding. Context effects were clearly evident in the ERPs: An early frontal ERP old/new difference (300-500 ms) was enhanced for objects encoded in unpleasant compared to pleasant and neutral contexts; and a late centralparietal old/new difference (400-700 ms) was observed for objects paired with both pleasant and unpleasant contexts but not for items paired with neutral backgrounds. Interestingly, objects encoded in emotional contexts (and novel objects) also prompted an enhanced frontal early (180-220 ms) positivity compared to objects paired with neutral scenes indicating early perceptual significance. The present data suggest that emotional-particularly unpleasantbackgrounds strengthen memory for items encountered within these contexts and engage automatic and explicit recognition processes. These results could help in understanding binding mechanisms involved in the activation of trauma-related memories by neutral cues.