Integral membrane proteins, which include many cellular effector proteins and drug targets, can be difficult to produce, purify and manipulate. Although the isolated ectodomains of many membrane proteins can be expressed as water soluble proteins, biological activity is frequently lost when these proteins are released from the membrane surface. An example is tissue factor, the integral membrane protein that triggers the blood clotting cascade and for which membrane anchoring is essential: Its isolated ectodomain (soluble tissue factor) can be expressed with high yield in bacteria but is orders of magnitude less active than the intact, membrane-anchored protein. We now report full restoration of biological activity to the isolated tissue factor ectodomain by engineering a hexahistidine tag onto its C-terminus and using it in combination with membrane bilayers containing nickel-chelating lipids. When soluble tissue factor was tethered to the membrane surface via such metal-chelating lipids, it bound factor VIIa with the same high affinity as wild-type tissue factor, and the resulting factor VIIatissue factor complexes supported factor X activation and factor VII autoactivation with essentially wild-type enzyme kinetic constants. Furthermore, when such bilayers were immobilized onto solid supports they efficiently captured histidine-tagged soluble tissue factor directly from crude culture supernatants -with full biological activity -obviating the need for purification or laborious membrane reconstitution procedures. This strategy is rapid, efficient, scalable, automatable, and should be applicable to other integral membrane proteins, especially those with a single transmembrane domain. Applications include high-throughput screening of mutants or drugs, flow reactors, clinical assays and point-of-care instrumentation.Integral membrane proteins represent an estimated 20-30% of the proteins in many genomes and are a major class of current and future drug targets (1-3). They are, however, more difficult to express at high yield than are soluble proteins, and they require detergents to extract them from membranes and keep them soluble during purification, which may diminish their stability and activity. Although effective procedures have been developed to reconstitute purified integral membrane proteins into phospholipid vesicles, most are laborious, time-consuming, and expensive (4).The isolated ectodomains of some integral membrane proteins can be expressed with very high yield in recombinant systems and are generally far easier to handle than are their membraneanchored counterparts. However, the soluble ectodomains of some membrane proteins have little or no biological activity. An example is tissue factor (TF 1 ) the integral membrane protein responsible for triggering the blood clotting cascade in normal hemostasis and many thrombotic † Supported by grant R01 HL47014 from the National Heart Lung & Blood Institute. E.K.W. was supported in part by NIH training grant T32 GM007283. * To whom correspondence shou...