Atomic-shaped efficient delay and data gathering routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

Abstract

High end-to-end delay is a major challenge in autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)-aided routing protocols for underwater monitoring applications. In this paper, a new routing protocol called atomic-shaped efficient delay and data gathering (ASEDG) has been introduced for underwater wireless sensor networks. The ASEDG is divided into two phases; in the first phase, the atomic-shaped trajectory model with horizontal and vertical ellipticals was designed for the movement of the AUV. In the second phase, two types of delay models were considered to make our protocol more delay efficient: member nodes (MNs) to MNs and MNs to gateway nodes (GNs). The MNs-to-MNs delay in the network specifies how long is required for the selection of the next possible forwarders by eliminating the chances of backtracking and a higher number of association links. The MNs-to-GNs delay is considered to choose the path from a multipath environment that takes a minimum amount of time for sending the packet from its generation to destination node. For efficient data gathering, this new trajectory model creates the maximum possible GNs for the association of the MNs. Furthermore, our protocol, ASEDG, has been evaluated by using the aquasim network simulator (NS-2), and its results were compared with the already existing protocol, an efficient data gathering (AEDG) routing protocol. The simulation results show that the ASEDG performed better than the AEDG in terms of end-to-end delay and throughput.

Angle Adjustment for Vertical and Diagonal Communication in Underwater Sensor

“…Furthermore, in our previous work like [41][42][43][44][45] in which, we performed simulation under different traffic agents such that TCP and UDP. In addition, link failure detection between two nodes, subnet based approach and some relevant article to support our words, for this, see [46][47][48][49][50].…”

“…A lot of location-based routing protocols have been proposed. But in the water, it is quite difficult to get location information due to the unavailability of GPS [43] [44]. Instead of using location information, DBR uses the depth of sensors for forwarding packets.…”

ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs)

“…In addition, the atomic shape-based data gathering routing protocol is already added to our contribution in the literature [ 9 , 10 ] for efficient delay and data gathering purposes. For this purpose, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) are deployed along with member and gateway nodes [ 11 ]. Underwater AUVs are responsible for transferring the data to the derived destination without using internode adjustment; however, the long, unnecessary propagation delay occurs [ 12 ].…”

“…Extensive simulations were conducted, where the state-of-the-art routing protocols like AVH-AHH-VBF [ 9 ], ASEDG [ 11 ], AEDG [ 13 ], EBER 2 [ 14 ], and WDFAD-DBR [ 15 ] were compared. It was demonstrated that the ROBINA outperforms affordable EC, minimum E2E delay, and high PDR.…”

An improved swarm intelligence algorithms-based nonlinear fractional order-PID controller for a trajectory tracking of underwater vehicles

“…In [1], a model-predictive controller MPC is proposed to control depth signals using quadratic programming, and in [2] the researcher discusses a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm for the AUV. Additionally, in [3] applied a neural network for a consensus multiple tracking AUV problems, in [4] a routing protocol is proposed to solve the end-to-end delay in AUV System, and finally on [5] discussed the adaptive AUV system design. In this research work,  ISSN: 1693-6930 an nonlinear fractional order proportional integral derivative (NL-FOPID) AUV is intended to solve the unknown disturbances' problems that affect system response and compared to the relative PID controller.…”