Mobility and low energy consumption are considered the main requirements for wireless body area sensor networks (WBASN) used in healthcare monitoring systems (HMS). In HMS, battery-powered sensor nodes with limited energy are used to obtain vital statistics about the body. Hence, energy-efficient schemes are desired to maintain long-term and steady connectivity of the sensor nodes. A sheer amount of energy is consumed in activities such as idle listening, excessive transmission and reception of control messages, packet collisions and retransmission of packets, and poor path selection, that may lead to more energy consumption. A combination of adaptive scheduling with an energy-efficient protocol can help select an appropriate path at a suitable time to minimize the control overhead, energy consumption, packet collision, and excessive idle listening. This paper proposes a region-based energy-efficient multipath routing (REMR) approach that divides the entire sensor network into clusters with preferably multiple candidates to represent each cluster. The cluster representatives (CRs) route packets through various clusters. For routing, the energy requirement of each route is considered, and the path with minimum energy requirements is selected. Similarly, end-to-end delay, higher throughput, and packet-delivery ratio are considered for packet routing.
Underwater wireless sensor network has been an area of interest for a few previous decades. UWSNs consists of tiny sensors responsible for monitoring different underwater events and transmit the collected data to the sink node. In the harsh and continuously changing environment of water, gaining better communication and performance is a difficult task as compared to networks available on land because of different underwater characteristics such as end-to-end delays, node movement, and energy constraints. In this paper, a novel routing technique named angle adjustment for vertical and diagonal communication was proposed, which doesn't use any location information of nodes. It is also efficient in terms of energy and end-to-end delays. In this approach, the source node evaluates the flooding zone based on the angle by using the basic formula for forwarding the packet to the sink. After evaluating the flooding zone, the angles of each node are compared and the packet is sent to the node closest to the vertical line. The proposed approach is evaluated with the help of NS-2 with AquaSim. The results show better results performance in data delivery, end-to-end delays, and energy consumption than DBR.
Agent Based modelling is widely used for presenting and evaluating a social phenomenon. Agent based modelling helps the researcher to analyze and evaluate a social model and its related hypothetical theories by simulating a real situation. This research presents a model for showing the behavior of an offender that is greatly influenced by volunteering of people on the offending tendencies. It is observed that how the offending behavior of someone urges others to do the same criminal act or violation of norms. And how can volunteering make the offender feel shameful of his doings and motivate others to volunteer in likewise situation in future. An agent based Model is presented and simulated to evaluate and validate the conceptualization of presented social dilemma. This model is simulated by asking some questions with exacting focus on the offending behavior of an agent. This study evaluates all the simulated results from the presented model to describe theoretical foundation spreading of offending or criminal behavior. Moreover, it validates the role of volunteering in the decrement of offending tendencies of the people as it presents an understandable situation in which offending of someone increases the offending tendencies of audience. Moreover the results of this research show that the volunteering decreases the offending tendencies of not just offender but also of the audience.
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