Atomic force microscopy study on specificity and non-specificity of interaction forces between Enterococcus faecalis cells with and without aggregation substance

Waar, Karola; Mei, Henderina van der; Harmsen, Hermie J. M.; Vries, J. de; Atema-Smit, Jelly; Degener, John E.; Busscher, Hj

doi:10.1099/mic.0.27877-0

Cited by 29 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The adhesion forces measured by AFM must therefore have been associated with nonspecific interactions and were Ϫ1.5 to Ϫ2.1 nN, which is two-to threefold less than the values obtained for the combined nonspecific and specific interactions between LT11 and laminin films. It is interesting that both similar ratios and similar absolute values for these interaction forces also occurred when workers compared specific and nonspecific interactions between (non)aggregating E. faecalis (41) and (non)coaggregating oral bacterial strains (35). The adhesion forces between a laminin-coated AFM tip and the streptococcal cell surfaces can also be compared with the forces measured in an analogous way for highly specific, irreversible ligand-receptor pairs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Enterococcus faecalis strains expressing aggregation substance (Agg) and adhering to biomaterial surfaces by means of positive cooperativity exhibited interaction forces between bacterial cells (about Ϫ2.5 nN) that were nearly twofold greater than the forces observed for a strain lacking Agg (adhesive force, Ϫ1.3 nN). The strong interaction forces between the strains with Agg decreased after adsorption of antibodies against Agg to about Ϫ1.2 nN, demonstrating the influence of specific antibodies on interaction forces between E. faecalis strains (41). Thus, these experiments indicated that it was possible that AFM could be used to experimentally distinguish between specific and nonspecific force components.…”

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confidence: 73%

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Intermolecular Forces and Enthalpies in the Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and an Antigen I/II-Deficient Mutant to Laminin Films

et al. 2007

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The antigen I/II family of surface proteins is expressed by most oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans, and mediates specific adhesion to, among other things, salivary films and extracellular matrix proteins. In this study we showed that antigen I/II-deficient S. mutans isogenic mutant IB03987 was nearly unable to adhere to laminin films under flow conditions due to a lack of specific interactions (0.8 ؋ 10 6 and 1.1 ؋ 10 6 cells cm ؊2 at pH 5.8 and 6.8, respectively) compared with parent strain LT11 (21.8 ؋ 10 6 and 26.1 ؋ 10 6 cells cm ؊2 ). The adhesion of both the parent and mutant strains was slightly greater at pH 6.8 than at pH 5.8. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments demonstrated that the parent strain experienced less repulsion when it approached a laminin film than the mutant experienced. Upon retraction, combined specific and nonspecific adhesion forces were stronger for the parent strain (up to ؊5.0 and ؊4.9 nN at pH 5.8 and 6.8, respectively) than for the mutant (up to ؊1.5 and ؊2.1 nN), which was able to interact only through nonspecific interactions. Enthalpy was released upon adsorption of laminin to the surface of the parent strain but not upon adsorption of laminin to the surface of IB03987. A comparison of the adhesion forces in AFM with the adhesion forces reported for specific ligand-receptor complexes resulted in the conclusion that the number of antigen I/II binding sites for laminin on S. mutans LT11 is on the order of 6 ؋ 10 4 sites per organism and that the sites are probably arranged along exterior surface structures, as visualized here by immunoelectron microscopy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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confidence: 73%

Intermolecular Forces and Enthalpies in the Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and an Antigen I/II-Deficient Mutant to Laminin Films

et al. 2007

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“…powerful tool that has proven useful in determining intraspecies adhesion forces (Dufrêne, 2002;Postollec et al, 2006;Waar et al, 2005). Based on these measurements, deletion of als3 demonstrated a significant reduction in the staphylococcal-hyphal binding force (Fig.…”

Section: Silvermanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus adherence to Candida albicans hyphae is mediated by the hyphal adhesin Als3p

et al. 2012

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The bacterium Staphylococcus (St.) aureus and the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans are currently among the leading nosocomial pathogens, often co-infecting critically ill patients, with high morbidity and mortality. Previous investigations have demonstrated preferential adherence of St. aureus to C. albicans hyphae during mixed biofilm growth. In this study, we aimed to characterize the mechanism behind this observed interaction. C. albicans adhesin-deficient mutant strains were screened by microscopy to identify the specific receptor on C. albicans hyphae recognized by St. aureus. Furthermore, an immunoassay was developed to validate and quantify staphylococcal binding to fungal biofilms. The findings from these experiments implicated the C. albicans adhesin agglutinin-like sequence 3 (Als3p) in playing a major role in the adherence process. This association was quantitatively established using atomic force microscopy, in which the adhesion force between single cells of the two species was significantly reduced for a C. albicans mutant strain lacking als3. Confocal microscopy further confirmed these observations, as St. aureus overlaid with a purified recombinant Als3 N-terminal domain fragment (rAls3p) exhibited robust binding. Importantly, a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae heterologously expressing Als3p was utilized to further confirm this adhesin as a receptor for St. aureus. Although the parental strain does not bind bacteria, expression of Als3p on the cell surface conferred upon the yeast the ability to strongly bind St. aureus. To elucidate the implications of these in vitro findings in a clinically relevant setting, an ex vivo murine model of co-infection was designed using murine tongue explants. Fluorescent microscopic images revealed extensive hyphal penetration of the epithelium typical of C. albicans mucosal infection. Interestingly, St. aureus bacterial cells were only seen within the Abbreviations: AFM, atomic force microscopy; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; ConA-Texas red, concanavalin A conjugated to Texas red; H&E, haematoxylin and eosin; IFA, indirect immunofluorescence; PNA-FISH, peptide nucleic acid probes for fluorescent in situ hybridization; SEM, scanning electron microscopy. A supplementary figure is available with the online version of this paper. Microbiology

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“…Long-range interactions are nonspecific interactions and act at a distance greater than 50 nm. These interactions are a function of the distance and free energy (Waar et al 2005). Three types of forces make up the long-range attractive interactions between polar molecules: the induction force, the orientation force, and the dispersion force (Liang et al 2007).…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Properties Of Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Microbial Adhesion as a Strategy for Food and Bioprocess Technology

Araújo

Andrade

Silva

et al. 2009

Food Bioprocess Technol

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Bacteria and other microorganisms have a natural tendency to adhere to surfaces as a survival mechanism. This can occur in many environments, including the living host, industrial systems, and natural waters. The general outcome of bacterial colonization of a surface is biofilm formation, which consists of microorganisms immobilized in a variety of polymeric compounds generally referred to as extracellular polymeric substances. Bacterial adhesion to a solid surface is a crucial step in the biofilm process. This step is dependent upon van der Waals, electrostatic, and acid-base interactions. These interactions are influenced by physicochemical properties of the substratum and the bacterial surface, such as hydrophobicity, surface charge, and electron donor-electron acceptor properties. In addition, the roughness of the substratum and the microbiological characteristics of the cell surface, such as cellular appendages and production of exopolysaccharides, can affect the adherence process. To date, many strategies have been developed to decrease the adherence of bacteria to surfaces. Surface modification with the addition of the suitable compounds makes surfaces less attractive for microorganisms and therefore prevents bacterial adherence and biofilm formation.

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Atomic force microscopy study on specificity and non-specificity of interaction forces between Enterococcus faecalis cells with and without aggregation substance

Cited by 29 publications

References 33 publications

Intermolecular Forces and Enthalpies in the Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and an Antigen I/II-Deficient Mutant to Laminin Films

Intermolecular Forces and Enthalpies in the Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and an Antigen I/II-Deficient Mutant to Laminin Films

Staphylococcus aureus adherence to Candida albicans hyphae is mediated by the hyphal adhesin Als3p

Control of Microbial Adhesion as a Strategy for Food and Bioprocess Technology

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