Atomic force microscopy of food assembly: Structural and mechanical insights at the nanoscale and potential opportunities from other fields

The study and comparison of elastic modulus of pineapple fruit in macroscopic and microscopic modes

“…Especially for the comparison of the relative strengths of different agricultural produce and also design and developing of harvesting, handling and processing machines of these materials, an awareness of these properties is essential (Arnold & Roberts, 1969; Fridley, Bradley, Rumsey, & Adrian, 1968; Khodabakhshian & Emadi, 2011; Khodabakhshian, Emadi, Khojastehpour, & Golzarian, 2019; Shirvani, Ghanbarian, & Ghasemi‐Varnamkhasti, 2012; Zdunek & Kurenda, 2013). This had led many researchers to study elastic properties of different agricultural produce such as fruits, vegetables, and grains at several length scales: at macroscopy scale—agricultural produce' flesh (Khodabakhshian et al, 2019; Opara & Pathare, 2014; Pallottino, Costa, Menesatti, & Moresi, 2011), at microscopy scale—cell size and shape (Cybulska, Pieczywek, & Zdunek, 2012; Zdunek & Umeda, 2006), at the submicroscopy and nano scale—plants cell walls (Cybulska, Vanstreels, Ho, Courtin, & Nicolaï, 2010) and middle texture (Obeid & Guyomarc'h, 2020) composition and at nanoscale—monopolized polysaccharide structures and linkages in cell walls (Cybulska, Zdunek, Psonka‐Antonczyk, & Stokke, 2013; Ding, Shi, & Zhong, 2019).…”