Atmospheric Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in China, Japan, and South Korea

Abstract

This study presents the first investigation of concentrations and congener group patterns of atmospheric short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) throughout East Asia. Based on an absorption rate calibration experiment, a spatial survey of SCCPs was performed using passive air samplers in China, Japan, and South Korea during two separate periods in 2008. The atmospheric concentrations of SCCPs in China were clearly greater than those in Japan and South Korea, both of which exceed the levels determined for other regions of the world. C 10 components were the most abundant type of SCCPs in China, whereas C 11 components were dominant in Japan and South Korea. With respect to the total chlorine content, Cl 6 and Cl 5 were the predominant compounds in China and Japan; however, Cl 6 and Cl 7 were predominant in South Korea. A similar pattern was also found for remote sites within China, Japan, and South Korea, respectively. Together with the back-trajectories calculated for the remote sites, the results indicate that the SCCPs in the air of East Asia were mainly influenced by local sources due to their relatively low long-range atmospheric transport potential compared to other POPs.

Levels of short chain chlorinated paraffins in pine needles and bark and their vegetation-air partitioning in urban areas

“…The levels in bark were somewhat higher in winter (GM 20.50 mg/g lw) than summer (13.9 mg/g lw) although the difference was not statistically significant (ManneWhitney U, p ¼ 0.06), and needle concentrations clearly showed no significant differences between winter (GM 11.7 mg/g lw) and summer (GM 11.9 mg/g lw). This was in contrast to the ambient air levels of SCCPs in Beijing using active air sampler and also around East Asia using passive air samplers, where higher summer levels were found Li et al, 2012).…”

“…Active air samplers and passive air samplers are frequently used to investigate the atmospheric levels and distribution of SVOCs (Hayward et al, 2010), but these need to be deployed at each site and revisited during collection. These sampling methods have also been previously used for evaluating the levels of SCCPs in the atmosphere (Wang et al, , 2013Li et al, 2012). On the other hand, vegetation can also accumulate considerable amounts of SVOCs from the atmosphere by gas-phase partitioning process and/or deposition of particle bound residues.…”

Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Air and Soil of Subtropical Terrestrial Environment in the Pearl River Delta, South China: Distribution, Composition, Atmospheric Deposition Fluxes, and Environmental Fate

“…Besides, our results were comparable to the air concentrations of SCCPs all over China but higher than those in Japan and South Korea in 2008. 6 The air concentrations of CPs varied widely with the sampling sites (Figure 2a). Spatial distribution showed that a gradient of CP concentrations from more to less industrialized areas was discovered, mainly impacted by the proximity to primary point sources.…”

“…1,4 Meanwhile, SCCPs are under review by the Stockholm Convention as a potential "new" category of POP due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport potential, and toxic character. 5,6 As reported, SCCPs show chronic toxicity in aquatic organisms and are carcinogenic in rats and mice. 7 The toxicity of MCCPs is lower compared to SCCPs, but they are widely used and show higher concentration levels than SCCPs.…”

Chlorination pattern effect on thermodynamic parameters and environmental degradability for C 10 -SCCPs: Quantum chemical calculation based on virtual combinational library

“…S2). Specifically, C 10 Cl 6-8 congeners were the prevailing ones in water samples (Lu, 2013;Yuan et al, 2012;Zeng et al, 2011bZeng et al, , 2012aZeng et al, , 2012b, while those with 5-7 chlorine atoms were dominant in air samples (Chaemfa et al, 2014;Fridén et al, 2011;Li et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2012Wang et al, , 2013bWang et al, , 2015. As for sediment and soil samples, the most abundant congeners possessed 5-10 chlorine atoms (Chen et al, 2011;Gao et al, 2012;Hüttig and Oehme, 2006;Iino et al, 2005;Iozza et al, 2008;Marvin et al, 2003;Štejnarová et al, 2005;Tomy et al, 1999;Wang et al, 2013bWang et al, , 2013cZeng et al, 2011aZeng et al, , 2012cZeng et al, , 2013, quite similar to those in food, human milk and wildlife samples (Harada et al, 2011;Thomas et al, 2006;Zeng et al, 2011b).…”