Atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry.  Corona discharge ion source for use in a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer analytical system

Carroll, D. I.; Džidić, I.; Stillwell, Richard; Haegele, K. D.; Horning, E. C.

doi:10.1021/ac60364a031

Cited by 351 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Atmospheric pressure ionization (API) (Bruins, 1991;Carroll et al, 1974;Horning et al, 1973) sources such as ESI (Dole, Mack, & Hines, 1968;Fenn et al, 1989;Whitehouse et al, 1985;Yamashita & Fenn, 1984a,b) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) (Carroll et al, 1975;Horning et al, 1974a,b) coupled with mass spectrometers, especially high performance FIGURE 12. Schematic of an early prototype instrument that uses electrostatic acceleration lenses to inject ions produced by LD into the orbitrap.…”

Section: B Linear Quadrupole Ion Trapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orbitrap mass spectrometry: Instrumentation, ion motion and applications

Perry

Cooks

Noll

2008

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

399

290

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Since its introduction, the orbitrap has proven to be a robust mass analyzer that can routinely deliver high resolving power and mass accuracy. Unlike conventional ion traps such as the Paul and Penning traps, the orbitrap uses only electrostatic fields to confine and to analyze injected ion populations. In addition, its relatively low cost, simple design and high space‐charge capacity make it suitable for tackling complex scientific problems in which high performance is required. This review begins with a brief account of the set of inventions that led to the orbitrap, followed by a qualitative description of ion capture, ion motion in the trap and modes of detection. Various orbitrap instruments, including the commercially available linear ion trap–orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometers, are also discussed with emphasis on the different methods used to inject ions into the trap. Figures of merit such as resolving power, mass accuracy, dynamic range and sensitivity of each type of instrument are compared. In addition, experimental techniques that allow mass‐selective manipulation of the motion of confined ions and their potential application in tandem mass spectrometry in the orbitrap are described. Finally, some specific applications are reviewed to illustrate the performance and versatility of the orbitrap mass spectrometers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 27: 661–699, 2008

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Section: B Linear Quadrupole Ion Trapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orbitrap mass spectrometry: Instrumentation, ion motion and applications

Perry

Cooks

Noll

2008

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

399

290

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A tmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) [1][2][3] and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) [4] are widely used for interfacing liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS). They are typically used for small (<1000 u) molecules that are not sufficiently polar for efficient ionization by electrospray ionization (ESI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge Exchange Reaction in Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization

Vaikkinen

Kauppila

Kostiainen

2016

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Abstract. The efficiencies of charge exchange reaction in dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DA-APCI) and dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI) mass spectrometry (MS) were compared by flow injection analysis. Fourteen individual compounds and a commercial mixture of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were chosen as model analytes to cover a wide range of polarities, gas-phase ionization energies, and proton affinities. Chlorobenzene was used as the dopant, and methanol/water (80/20) as the solvent. In both techniques, analytes formed the same ions (radical cations, protonated molecules, and/or fragments). However, in DA-APCI, the relative efficiency of charge exchange versus proton transfer was lower than in DA-APPI. This is suggested to be because in DA-APCI both dopant and solvent clusters can be ionized, and the formed reagent ions can react with the analytes via competing charge exchange and proton transfer reactions. In DA-APPI, on the other hand, the main reagents are dopant-derived radical cations, which favor ionization of analytes via charge exchange. The efficiency of charge exchange in both DA-APPI and DA-APCI was shown to depend heavily on the solvent flow rate, with best efficiency seen at lowest flow rates studied (0.05 and 0.1 mL/min). Both DA-APCI and DA-APPI showed the radical cation of chlorobenzene at 0.05-0.1 mL/min flow rate, but at increasing flow rate, the abundance of chlorobenzene M +. decreased and reagent ion populations deriving from different gas-phase chemistry were recorded. The formation of these reagent ions explains the decreasing ionization efficiency and the differences in charge exchange between the techniques.

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“…The ratio of M ϩ• and [M ϩ H] ϩ signal intensities in APPI was ϳ3:2. M ϩ• ions are produced by charge exchange between the ionized dopant (toluene) and analyte molecules in APPI, whereas [M ϩ H] ϩ ions are produced in the proton transfer reactions between the reactant ions and the analytes in both APPI and APCI [32,33]. Compounds A, B, and C, respectively.…”

Section: Ionization and Mass Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of selective androgen receptor modulators by gas chromatography-microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry

Luosujärvi

Haapala

Thevis

et al. 2010

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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A gas chromatography-microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometric (GC-APPI-MS) method was developed and used for the analysis of three 2-quinolinone-derived selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). SARMs were analyzed from spiked urine samples, which were hydrolyzed and derivatized with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide before analysis. Trimethylsilyl derivatives of SARMs formed both radical cations (M ϩ• ) and protonated molecules ([M ϩ H] ϩ ) in photoionization. Better signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) were obtained in MS/MS analysis using the M ϩ• ions as precursor ions than using the [M ϩ H] ϩ ions, and therefore the M ϩ• ions were selected for the precursor ions in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) analysis. Limits of detection (LODs) with the method ranged from 0.01 to 1 ng/mL, which correspond to instrumental LODs of 0.2-20 pg. Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.03 to 3 ng/mL. The mass spectrometric response to the analytes was linear (R Ն 0.995) from the LOQ concentration level up to 100 ng/mL concentration, and intra-day repeatabilities were 5%-9%. In addition to the GC-APPI-MS study, the proof-of-principle of gas chromatography-microchip atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-Orbitrap MS (GC-APCI-Orbitrap MS) was demonstrated. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2010, 21, 310 -316)

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Atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Corona discharge ion source for use in a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer analytical system

Cited by 351 publications

References 15 publications

Orbitrap mass spectrometry: Instrumentation, ion motion and applications

Orbitrap mass spectrometry: Instrumentation, ion motion and applications

Charge Exchange Reaction in Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization

Analysis of selective androgen receptor modulators by gas chromatography-microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry

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