Atlantic salmon bath challenged with Moritella viscosa – Pathogen invasion and host response

Løvoll, Marie; Wiik-Nielsen, Christer R.; Tunsjø, Hege Smith; Colquhoun, Duncan J.; Lunder, T.; Sørum, Henning; Grove, Søren

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2009.03.019

Cited by 66 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Ulcerative lesions are likely to be initiated by a series of factors that lead ultimately to a breach of the normal barrier function of the skin (reviewed in [264]). In this sense, the bacteria Moritella viscosa is considered the agent causing winter ulcer diseases characterized by extensive and chronic ulceration of the skin and septicaemia [269][270][271][272]. Recently it has been demonstrated that this bacteria (but not A. wodanis) affected or inhibited the epidermal regeneration abilities of keratocytes [273].…”

Section: Fish Skin Mucosal Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

2012

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The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal's immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.

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Section: Fish Skin Mucosal Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

2012

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“…This can have a negative impact on fish welfare and the economical aspect of farming. At low temperatures, salmon are more susceptible to skin lesions, such as winter ulcers associated with infection of Moritella viscosa (Benediktsdóttir et al 1998;Løvoll et al 2009) and other pathogens. Red mark syndrome, also known as cold water strawberry disease, causes skin problems in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at low temperatures (Metselaar et al 2010;Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of temperature and diet on wound healing in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Jensen

Wahli

McGurk

et al. 2015

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Compromised skin integrity of farmed Atlantic salmon, commonly occurring under low temperature and stressful conditions, has major impacts on animal welfare and economic productivity. Even fish with minimal scale loss and minor wounds can suffer from secondary infections, causing downgrading and mortalities. Wound healing is a complex process, where water temperature and nutrition play key roles. In this study, Atlantic salmon (260 g) were held at different water temperatures (4 or 12 °C) and fed three different diets for 10 weeks, before artificial wounds were inflicted and the wound healing process monitored for 2 weeks. The fish were fed either a control diet, a diet supplemented with zinc (Zn) or a diet containing a combination of functional ingredients in addition to Zn. The effect of diet was assessed through subjective and quantitative skin histology and the transcription of skin-associated chemokines. Histology confirmed that wound healing was faster at 12 °C. The epidermis was more organised, and image analyses of digitised skin slides showed that fish fed diets with added Zn had a significantly larger area of the epidermis covered by mucous cells in the deeper layers after 2 weeks, representing more advanced healing progression. Constitutive levels of the newly described chemokines, herein named CK 11A, B and C, confirmed their preferential expression in skin compared to other tissues. Contrasting modulation profiles at 4 and 12 °C were seen for all three chemokines during the wound healing time course, while the Zn-supplemented diets significantly increased the expression of CK 11A and B during the first 24 h of the healing phase.

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“…Vibrio viscosus) is considered to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of winter ulcers in Norway, Iceland and Scotland (Lunder et al 1995, Benediktsdóttir et al 1998, Bruno et al 1998. M. viscosa has been shown to cause skin ulcers, septicaemia and mortality in transmission experiments (Lunder et al 1995, Løvoll et al 2009). Despite the availability and widespread use of vaccines against M. viscosa, winter ulcers remains a significant threat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tenacibaculum sp. associated with winter ulcers in sea-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Olsen

Nilsen²,

Sandlund³

et al. 2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Coldwater-associated ulcers, i.e. winter ulcers, in seawater-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. have been reported in Norway since the late 1980s, and Moritella viscosa has been established as an important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition. As routine histopathological examination of winter ulcer cases in our laboratory revealed frequent presence in ulcers of long, slender rods clearly different from M. viscosa, a closer study focusing on these bacteria was conducted. Field cases of winter ulcers during 2 sampling periods, 1996 and 2004-2005, were investigated and long, slender rods were observed by histopathological examination in 70 and 62.5% of the ulcers examined, respectively, whereas cultivation on marine agar resulted in the isolation of yellowpigmented colonies with long rods from 3 and 13% of the ulcers only. The isolates could be separated into 2 groups, both identified as belonging to the genus Tenacibaculum based on phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA sequencing. Bath challenge for 7 h confirmed the ability of Group 1 bacterium to produce skin and cornea ulcers. In fish already suffering from M. viscosa-induced ulcers, co-infection with the Group 1 bacterium was established within 1 h. Ulcers from field cases of winter ulcers and from the transmission experiments tested positive by immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antiserum against the Group 1 bacterium but not the Group 2 bacterium. Our results strongly indicate the importance of the Group 1 bacterium in the pathogenesis of winter ulcers in Norway. The bacterium is difficult to isolate and is therefore likely to be underdiagnosed based on cultivation only. KEY WORDS: Winter ulcers · Tenacibaculum · Atlantic salmon · Transmission experiment · Moritella viscosa · Cod · Halibut Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 94: [189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199] 2011 winter ulcers (Lunder et al. 1995, Benediktsdóttir et al. 1998; however, demonstration of pathogenicity for this bacterium under experimental conditions has so far been unsuccessful (Lunder et al. 1995). Many culture-based investigations of winter ulcers have resulted in the identification of mixed cultures of mainly Vibrio spp. (Benediktsdóttir et al. 1998, H. Nilsen & A. B. Olsen unpubl.).Worldwide, members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacterioides group are reported to cause mortality and economical losses because of skin ulcers and eroded fins of both freshwater and seawater fish species (Wakabayashi et al. 1986, Kent et al. 1988, Bernardet 1989, Bernardet & Kerouault 1989, Bernardet et al. 1990). The bacteria appear as yellow colonies with long, slender filamentous rods and are relatively difficult to culture. Four species are considered pathogenic to salmonids: Flavobacterium branchiophilum (bacterial gill disease in freshwater), F. columnare (freshwater above 14°C), F. psychrophilum (mainly rainbow trout in freshwater) and Tenacibaculum maritimum (prev. Flexibacter maritimus) in...

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Atlantic salmon bath challenged with Moritella viscosa – Pathogen invasion and host response

Cited by 66 publications

References 41 publications

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

Effect of temperature and diet on wound healing in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Tenacibaculum sp. associated with winter ulcers in sea-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

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