Asymptomatic Wild‐Type Poliovirus Infection in India among Children with Previous Oral Poliovirus Vaccination

Grassly, Nicholas C; Jafari, Hamid; Bahl, Sunil; Durrani, Sunita; Wenger, Jay D.; Sutter, Roland W.; Aylward, R. Bruce

doi:10.1086/651952

Cited by 48 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…HEV A species was detected only in symptomatic children (Table), which may be due to the increased virulence of these serotypes in this region [16] and another part of India [24]. Grasslyet al [25] reported the silent circulation of poliovirus in healthy children from this region, and during this study we observed a higher frequency of HEV C species detection in healthy children. There are previous reports of recombination between polio virus and HEV C species, which might be responsible for large-scale outbreaks of poliomyelitis [26,27].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

High frequency of enterovirus serotype circulation in a densely populated area of India

Kumar

Shukla

Srivastava

et al. 2013

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: In the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, enteroviruses are a significant cause of infection presenting in endemic or epidemic forms. The present study aimed to use molecular methods to identify enterovirus serotypes in clinical specimens to determine their circulation in the community. Methodology; A total of 320 clinical specimens were collected between January 2009 and December 2010 from children younger than 15 year of age in northern India. Reverse-transcription (RT) real time PCR and semi-nested RT PCR targeting the 5′untranslated region and VP1 region was used for the detection and identification of enterovirus serotypes. Results: The enterovirus genome was detected in 79 (24.7%) of 320 clinical specimens by real time PCR. Central nervous system syndrome (CNS) was the most common clinical manifestation (n=32, 62.74%), followed by respiratory tract infection (n=8, 15.69%), acute febrile illness (n=7, 13.73%), and gastrointestinal disease (n=4, 7.84%). A total of 32 different serotypes were identified with the predominance of coxsackievirus B5 and echovirus 6. Phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 gene sequences from this study showed that many enterovirus serotypes showed good similarity with strains from America and Europe in comparison to neighbouring Asian countries. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study of enterovirus prevalence from northern India based on unbiased molecular methods which leads to the identification of fifteen different enterovirus serotypes. The high frequency of enterovirus B species serotypes circulation may be an important cause of CNS infection in the children of this region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

High frequency of enterovirus serotype circulation in a densely populated area of India

Kumar

Shukla

Srivastava

et al. 2013

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…The low number of NPEVs isolated in our study was, however, lower than the 34% and 20% NPEVs isolated from acute poliomyelitis cases, both reported in India, and the 5.3% reported in Nigeria [15,17,18]. The variations observed may be attributed to factors such as differences in sample size; geographical location of the study; specificity and sensitivity of laboratory methods; stool specimen collection, handling, and transportation; stage/degree of poliovirus endemicity in the study area(s); and the time when those studies were conducted.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Absence of poliovirus in apparently healthy school children in Bauchi state, Nigeria

Abdullahi

Shehu

Yunusa

2016

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Poliovirus infections have been established to be in circulation in the remaining three polio-endemic nations. These pathogens have been associated with several chronic diseases, particularly acute flaccid paralysis of children. This study sought to ascertain whether polioviruses are silently shed by apparently healthy schoolchildren in Bauchi, Katagum, and Misau local government areas of Bauchi state, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional prospective study that involved 200 stool samples collected from apparently healthy schoolchildren. All samples were processed and inoculated onto rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and L20B cell-lines. Inoculated cell lines were monitored for cytopathic effects (CPEs) for 10 days with one subculture after first 5 days. Results: None of the samples came down with CPEs on L20B, and thus all samples were negative for poliovirus; however, three were positive for non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) on RD and not on the L20B cell line: one coxsackie B virus from a seven-year-old male, and two others were untypeable isolates, one each from a male and a female child. The coxsackie B virus was identified by microneutralization test using polyclonal sera as described by the World Health Organization. Conclusions: Findings from this investigation indicate the absence of polioviruses in the children studied. This is an indication of good polio immunization coverage in these communities. However, more intensive and periodic surveillance is required to confirm the presence or exclude the absence of polioviruses in these communities and other parts of Nigeria.

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“…The frequency of NPEVs isolated in this study was very low when compared with the 34 and 20% reported in India (Morens, 1978;Grassly et al, 2010) and 5.38% previously reported in Nigeria (Baba et al, 2012). The differences observed may be attributed to factors such as differences in the sample size, stage/degree of poliovirus endemicity in the study areas and years of studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

“…Virus isolation and neutralization assay which allow the identification of NPEVs serotypes are the World Health Organization standard protocol for enteroviruses investigation (WHO, 2004;Grassly et al, 2010). This standard protocol was used in analyzing stool samples of apparently healthy school children from Bauchi state, Nigeria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Public Health Significance of Non-Polio Enteroviruses in Healthy Nigerian Children

Shehu¹,

Yunusa²,

Abdullahi³

et al. 2016

American Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Non-Polio Enteroviruses (NPEVs) are in circulation all over the world. Some of these viruses have been associated with several chronic diseases such as cardiopathy, myositis, acute flaccid and spastic paralysis in children which mimic poliomyelitis. This study sought to ascertain whether Non-Polio Enteroviruses (NPEVs) are silently shed by apparently healthy school children in Bauchi state, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study involved 200 stool samples collected from 170 (85%) vaccinated and 30 (15%) unvaccinated apparently healthy school children from Bauchi, Katagum and Misau local government areas of Bauchi state, Nigeria. All samples were processed and inoculated onto Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and L20B celllines. Inoculated cell-lines were monitored for Cytopathic Effects (CPE) for 10 days with 1 subculture after first 5 days. None of the samples came down with CPE on L20B however, three (3) samples were positive for NPEVs on RD cell lines. One (1) coxsackie B virus was from a 7 years old male child, and 2 other untypeable isolated were from a male and a female child respectively. All the 3 (1.6%) positive samples were from children not immunized with Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). The coxsackie B virus was identified by micro neutralization test using polyclonal sera as described by the World Health Organization. Findings from this study indicate the presence of relatively few NPEVs in the study participants. Since NPEVs can implicate persistent fecal-oral transmission and present with serious pathology, it should be considered as serious public health issue. This justifies the need for periodic surveillance of NPEVs in our communities in order to prevent unforeseen NPEVs-associated diseases and promote public health policies that will encourage environmental sanitation programs.

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Asymptomatic Wild‐Type Poliovirus Infection in India among Children with Previous Oral Poliovirus Vaccination

Cited by 48 publications

References 21 publications

High frequency of enterovirus serotype circulation in a densely populated area of India

High frequency of enterovirus serotype circulation in a densely populated area of India

Absence of poliovirus in apparently healthy school children in Bauchi state, Nigeria

Isolation and Public Health Significance of Non-Polio Enteroviruses in Healthy Nigerian Children

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