Eighteen new compounds named aspergones A−Q (1−17) and 6-O-demethylmonocerin (18), along with five known analogues (19−23), were isolated from the fermentation broth of Aspergillus sp. OUCMDZ-1583 associated with an unidentified marine sponge XD10410 from the Xisha Islands of China. The structures including the absolute configurations were unambiguously elucidated by spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic, chemical, and Mosher's methods along with quantum ECD calculation. respectively (acarbose as positive control, IC 50 0.95 mM), among which compound 18 is 35 times more potent than acarbose. In addition, compounds 18 and 21 exhibited inhibitory activity against the influenza A (H1N1) virus with IC 50 values of 172.4 and 175.5 µM, respectively (ribavirin as positive control, IC 50 137.3 µM).