Asymmetric dumbbell-shaped silver nanoparticles and spherical gold nanoparticles green-synthesized by mangosteen (<em>Garcinia mangostana</em>) pericarp waste extracts

Abstract

Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana ) pericarp waste extract was used to synthesize gold and silver nanoparticles by a green strategy. The extract was both a reducing and stabilizing agent during synthesis. Phytochemical screening of the extract was conducted to obtain information regarding the presence/absence of primary and secondary metabolites in the extract. The in vitro antioxidant activity results demonstrated that the extract had excellent antioxidant activity, which was comparable to a standard (butylated hydroxy toluene). Spherical gold nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles green synthesized by mangosteen pericarp extract [GM-AuNPs]) with an average size of 15.37±3.99 to 44.20±16.99 nm were observed in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images. Most interestingly, the silver nanoparticles (silver nanoparticles green synthesized by mangosteen pericarp extract [GM-AgNPs]) had asymmetric nanodumbbell shapes where one tail grew from a spherical head. The average head size was measured to be 13.65±5.07 to 31.08±3.99 nm from HR-TEM images. The hydrodynamic size of both nanoparticles tended to increase with increasing extract concentration. Large negative zeta potentials (−18.92 to −34.77 mV) suggested that each nanoparticle solution possessed excellent colloidal stability. The reaction yields were 99.7% for GM-AuNPs and 82.8% for GM-AgNPs, which were assessed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. A high-resolution X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the face-centered cubic structure of both nanoparticles. Based on phytochemical screening and Fourier transform infrared spectra, the hydroxyl functional groups of carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds were most likely involved in a reduction reaction of gold or silver salts to their corresponding nanoparticles. The in vitro cytotoxicity (based on a water-soluble tetrazolium assay) demonstrated that GM-AgNPs were toxic to both A549 (a human lung cancer cell) and NIH3T3 (a mouse fibroblast cell). The cytotoxicity of GM-AgNPs on A549 cells was related to apoptotic cell death. However, GM-AuNPs did not show any significant cytotoxicity to either cell. These results suggest that GM-AuNPs have the potential to be drug delivery vehicles or carriers for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

Biological Effect of Organically CoatedGrias neuberthiiandPersea americanaSilver Nanoparticles on HeLa and MCF-7 Cancer Cell Lines

“…Although AgNPs cytotoxicity has been found in several studies [14,[66][67][68][69], the molecular mechanisms involved are not completely understood [16]. AgNPs may trigger oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [70,71] causing a variety of intracellular responses and alterations in antioxidant systems [72], which nally could lead to apoptosis or necrosis [73].…”

Highly stable gold nanoparticles green-synthesized by upcycling cartilage waste extract from yellow-nose skate (Dipturus chilensis) and evaluation of its cytotoxicity, haemocompatibility and antioxidant activity

“…The DPPH radical scavenging activity of cf-sk-AuNPs was tested to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity according to the previous report with slight modifications [20]. The sk-AuNPs solution (1 mL) was centrifuged (18,500g force, 3 h, 18 C), and the pellet was recovered.…”

“…Excellent reviews were reported by the author about the utilization of plant extracts and polysaccharides in the green synthesis of AuNPs and AgNPs [12]. We have used plant extracts (Artemisia capillarys [13], Leonurus japonica [14], Polygala tenuifolia [15,16], Caesalpinia sappan [17,18], Bupleurum falcatum [19], and Galcinia mangostana [20]), invertebrate animal extracts (Eisenia andrei and Achatina fulica) [21], pure compounds from plant origins (resveratrol [22], tannic acid [23,24], rosmarinic acid [25], caffeic acid [26], chlorogenic acid [27], gallic acid [28] and catechin [29]) and pure compounds from animal origins (heparin [30], chondroitin sulfate [31,32], acharan sulfate [31] and sialyllactose [33]). Medicines, such as ampicillin [34], vancomycin [35] and ethambutol [36], were also utilized as reducing agents.…”

Recent advances in the antilung cancer activity of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles

“…The results indicated that biosynthesized Au‐NPs (10–20 nm) did not exhibit cytotoxicity in both cell lines at the concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μg/ml after 48 hr treatment. Park et al (2017) reported that the biosynthesized Au‐NPs (average size: 15.37 ± 3.99 to 44.20 ± 16.99 nm) from G. mangostana pericarp waste extracts did not show any significant cytotoxicity to A549 cells and NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells in WST assay. Singh, Du, Singh, and Yi (2018a) observed that Au‐NPs (49.72 ± 1.2 nm) produced by Euphrasia officinalis leaf extracts (1, 5, 10, and 100 μg/ml) for 48 hr treatment did not exert antiproliferative effects in A549 cells measured by MTT assay.…”