“…In 1989, Wiescher, Görres, Graff et al [5] suggested the rap processes as alternative paths which would permit these stars to bypass the 3α process and to yield the CNO material. The reactions involved in the rap-processes are listed as below: rap-I : 3 He(α, γ ) 7 Be(p, γ ) 8 B(p, γ ) 9 C(α, p) 12 N(p, γ ) 13 O(β + ν) 13 N(p, γ ) 14 O, rap-II : 3 He(α, γ ) 7 Be(α, γ ) 11 C(p, γ ) 12 N(p, γ ) 13 O(β + ν) 13 N(p, γ ) 14 O, rap-III : 3 He(α, γ ) 7 Be(α, γ ) 11 C(p, γ ) 12 N(β + ν) 12 C(p, γ ) 13 N(p, γ ) 14 O, rap-IV : 3 He(α, γ ) 7 Be(α, γ ) 11 C(α, p) 14 N(p, γ ) 15 O.…”