Astaxanthin and other Nutrients from Haematococcus pluvialis—Multifunctional Applications

Mularczyk, Malwina; Michalak, Izabela; Marycz, Krzysztof

doi:10.3390/md18090459

Cited by 119 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(203 reference statements)

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“…H. pluvialis exposure to various stress conditions influences the cell’s ultrastructural changes throughout their life cycle [ 6 , 9 ]. The cell is typically spherical to an ovoid shape having a diameter of ≈30 μm.…”

Section: Cell Morphology Of Haematococcus Pluvialismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under the heterotrophic mode of cultivation, feeding Haematococcus with organic compounds in the absence of light was geared more toward increasing the cell productivity [ 6 ]. However, this technique is not really suitable for producing astaxanthin in H. pluvialis , since astaxanthin is a light-dependent carotenoid [ 47 ].…”

Section: Current Production Strategy To Induce Biomass At the Greementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this technique is not really suitable for producing astaxanthin in H. pluvialis , since astaxanthin is a light-dependent carotenoid [ 47 ]. On the other hand, under the mixotrophic mode, the use of organic and inorganic sources for carbon and energy such as acetate-supplemented medium is successful in enhancing H. pluvialis growth and astaxanthin production [ 6 , 36 ]. However, bear in mind that the mixotrophic technique could increase cross-contamination risk by other microorganisms or grazers [ 8 ].…”

Section: Current Production Strategy To Induce Biomass At the Greementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, for the mass production of H. pluvialis , a few producers employed a two-step cultivation approach, either utilizing systems of bioreactors, outdoor production ponds, or the combination of both [ 6 , 15 ]. Firstly, small-scale green phase cells cultivated in photobioreactors are devoted to cell proliferation under normal growth conditions.…”

Section: Current Production Strategy To Induce Biomass At the Greementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Haematococcus pluvialis Bioprocess Optimization of Green and Red Stage Culture Conditions for the Production of Natural Astaxanthin

et al. 2021

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As the most recognizable natural secondary carotenoid astaxanthin producer, the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis cultivation is performed via a two-stage process. The first is dedicated to biomass accumulation under growth-favoring conditions (green stage), and the second stage is for astaxanthin evolution under various stress conditions (red stage). This mini-review discusses the further improvement made on astaxanthin production by providing an overview of recent works on H. pluvialis, including the valuable ideas for bioprocess optimization on cell growth, and the current stress-exerting strategies for astaxanthin pigment production. The effects of nutrient constituents, especially nitrogen and carbon sources, and illumination intensity are emphasized during the green stage. On the other hand, the significance of the nitrogen depletion strategy and other exogenous factors comprising salinity, illumination, and temperature are considered for the astaxanthin inducement during the red stage. In short, any factor that interferes with the cellular processes that limit the growth or photosynthesis in the green stage could trigger the encystment process and astaxanthin formation during the red stage. This review provides an insight regarding the parameters involved in bioprocess optimization for high-value astaxanthin biosynthesis from H. pluvialis.

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Section: Cell Morphology Of Haematococcus Pluvialismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Production Strategy To Induce Biomass At the Greementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Production Strategy To Induce Biomass At the Greementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Production Strategy To Induce Biomass At the Greementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Review on Haematococcus pluvialis Bioprocess Optimization of Green and Red Stage Culture Conditions for the Production of Natural Astaxanthin

et al. 2021

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“…Among the, Haematococcus pluvialis is most important microalgae commercially and is also the richest source of natural astaxanthin which is regarded as "super anti-oxidant." [159].…”

Section: Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms: A Potential Source of Bioactive molecules for Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Applications

Rani¹,

Saini²,

Bast³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Oxidative stress is an elevated intracellular level of free oxygen radicals that cause lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, DNA hydroxylation, and apoptosis, ultimately negotiating cells viability. Antioxidants can scavenge such free radicals, thus reducing the oxidative stress and eventually prevent cellular damage. Medicinal plants, fruits, and spices remain the prioritized sources of antioxidants and antimicrobial properties since the time immemorial, but in contrast to plants, microorganisms can be grown at a faster rate under controlled conditions. They are non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and biodegradable as compared to synthetic antioxidants. Microorganisms including actinomycetes, archaea, bacteria, protozoa, yeast, and fungi are auspicious source of vital bioactive compounds. The list comprises ample of bioactive components from microorganisms. One of them is bacteriocins, which are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides product of Eurotium sp., Streptomyces parvulus, S. thermophiles, Lactococcus lactis, etc. It has a great potential as next-generation antibiotics targeting the multiple-drug resistant pathogens. Pneumocandins are antifungal lipohexapeptides derived from the fungus Glarea lozoyensis, and inhibit 1,3-β-glucan synthase of the fungal cell wall and act as a precursor for the synthesis of caspofungin. It is widely used against invasive fungal infections and has been recently approved by the FDA. Taxol (paclitaxel), a chemotherapeutic drug derived from the bark of Taxus brevifolia can also be produced by endophytic fungi Taxomyces andreanae and Nodulisporium sylviforme. It is known to inhibit several fungi such as Pythium, Aphanomyces and Phytophthora. Hispidin and its derivate isolated from P. hispidus, reduce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, obstruct the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, and also decrease the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages. Astaxanthin, known as an “aquatic” carotenoid produced by H. pluvialis, also has excellent ROS quenching activity. This study mainly focuses on fascinating antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds that have been scarcely investigated in microorganisms and discuss the promise and challenges of microorganisms as providers of health benefits.

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Hepatoprotective effect of astaxanthin against cholestasis liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in adult Wistar rats

Laderian,

Ghasemi,

Mortazavi

et al. 2024

J Biochem & Molecular Tox

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In this study, we evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of astaxanthin, a natural carotenoid, against the cholestatic liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Toward this end, male rats were subjected to BDL and treated with astaxanthin for 35 days. Afterwards, their serum and liver biochemical factors were assessed. Also, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine the fibrosis and the expression levels of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐ß1) in the liver tissue. Based on the results, BDL caused a significant increase in liver enzyme levels, blood lipids, and bilirubin, while decreasing the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) enzymes. Also, in the BDL rats, hepatocyte necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory lymphocytes, and hyperplasia of bile ducts were detected, along with a significant increase in α‐SMA and TGF‐ß1 expression. Astaxanthin, however, significantly prevented the BDL's detrimental effects. In all, 10 mg/kg of this drug maintained the bilirubin and cholesterol serum levels of BDL rats at normal levels. It also reduced the liver enzymes' activity and serum lipids, while increasing the SOD, CAT, and GSH activity in BDL rats. The expression of α‐SMA and TGF‐ß1 in the BDL rats treated with 10 mg/kg of astaxanthin was moderate (in 34%–66% of cells) and no considerable cholestatic fibrosis was observed in this group. However, administrating the 20 mg/kg of astaxanthin was not effective in this regard. These findings showed that astaxanthin could considerably protect the liver from cholestatic damage by improving the biochemical features and regulating the expression of related proteins.

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Astaxanthin and other Nutrients from Haematococcus pluvialis—Multifunctional Applications

Cited by 119 publications

References 131 publications

A Review on Haematococcus pluvialis Bioprocess Optimization of Green and Red Stage Culture Conditions for the Production of Natural Astaxanthin

A Review on Haematococcus pluvialis Bioprocess Optimization of Green and Red Stage Culture Conditions for the Production of Natural Astaxanthin

Microorganisms: A Potential Source of Bioactive molecules for Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Applications

Hepatoprotective effect of astaxanthin against cholestasis liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in adult Wistar rats

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