Associations of serum and dietary magnesium with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, insulin, and carotid arterial wall thickness: The aric study

Ma, Jing; Folsom, Aaron R.; Melnick, Sandra; Eckfeldt, John H.; Sharrett, A. Richey; Nabulsi, Azmi A.; Hutchinson, Richard G.; Metcalf, Patricia

doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)00200-a

Cited by 387 publications

(311 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Whole grains contain higher amounts of fiber, vitamin E, magnesium, antioxidants and phytoestrogens (Slavin et al, 1997), the protective effects of which against chronic disease risk have been shown by previous studies (Stampfer et al, 1993;Ma et al, 1995;Anderson and Hanna, 1999;de Kleijn et al, 2002). Despite dietary recommendations to increased intake of whole grains, little research has been conducted on the physiologic effects of a diet high in whole grains, such that only one study, conducted in the Framingham Offspring Cohort, reported the association of whole-grain intake with the metabolic syndrome (McKeown et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults

2004

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Background: Although dietary guidelines recommend increased intake of grain products to prevent chronic diseases, epidemiologic data regarding whole-grain intake association with metabolic syndrome are sparse. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between whole-grain intakes, metabolic syndrome and metabolic risk factors in Tehranian adults. Design: Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting: Tehran, the capital of Iran. Subjects: A representative sample of 827 subjects (357 men and 470 women) aged 18-74 y. Methods: Usual dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The procedure developed by Jacobs et al was used to classify grain products into whole and refined grains. Weight and height were measured according to standard protocols and body mass index was calculated. Fasting blood samples were taken for biochemical measurements and blood pressure was assessed according to standard methods. Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholestrolemia, high LDL, low HDL and metabolic syndrome were defined according to ATP III guidelines and hypertension based on JNC VI. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose level of Z126 mg/dl or 2-h postchallenge blood glucose level of Z200 mg/dl. Subjects were categorized based on quartile cut-points of whole-and refined-grain intake. Results: Mean (7s.d.) consumptions of whole and refined grains were 93729 and 201757 g/day, respectively. Both men and women reported higher intakes of refined grain than of whole grains. Compared with subjects in the lower quartile category, those in the upper category of whole-grain intake had lower prevalence of metabolic risk factors. Conversely, those in the higher category of refined-grain intake had higher prevalence of metabolic risk factors, except for diabetes. After controlling for confounders, a significantly decreasing trend was observed for the risk of having hypertriglyceridemia (odds ratios among quartiles: 1.00, 0.89, 0.74, 0.61, respectively), hypertension (1.00, 0.99, 0.93, 0.84) and metabolic syndrome (1.00, 0.84, 0.76, 0.68). Higher consumption of refined grains was associated with higher odds of having hypercholestrolemia

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults

2004

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“…23,24 and high blood pressure. 22 These findings suggest that hypomagnesemia could be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, 22 insulin resistance, 25 -27 and type 2 diabetes. 28 Although the experimental magnesium deficiency in rats induces an exacerbated immune stress response 29 that increase the levels of acute-phase reactants, the significance of this finding has received little attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18,19 The low serum magnesium levels are associated with coronary heart disease, 20,21 atherosclerosis, 22 dyslipidemia. 23,24 and high blood pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between serum magnesium levels and C-reactive protein concentration, in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive obese subjects

Guerrero‐Romero

Rodrı́guez-Morán

2002

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between serum magnesium levels and C-reactive protein (CRP) in non-diabetic, nonhypertensive obese subjects. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A total of 371 subjects, 101 men and 270 women. Of them 138 lean (37.2%), 133 (35.9%) overweight, and 100 (26.9%) were obese, matched by age. MEASUREMENTS: Fasting and 2 h serum glucose following a 75 g oral glucose load. Fasting serum total cholesterol, HDL-and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin; and magnesium levels; urinary protein excretion; body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and blood pressure. RESULTS: The presence of CRP was documented in four (2.9%) lean, 13 (9.8%) overweight, and 20 (20.0%) obese subjects, and decreased magnesium levels (equal or less than 1.8 mg=dl), in 2 (1.45%) lean, 7 (5.2%) overweight, and 19 (19%) obese subjects. The lowest serum magnesium levels and the highest CRP concentrations were documented in the obese subjects. Twenty-three (82.1%) of the subjects with low serum magnesium (five overweight and 18 obese) showed CRP concentration equal or more than 10 mg=l. There was a graded significant decrease between CRP concentration and serum magnesium levels (r ¼ 70.39, P ¼ 0.002). The odds ratio (CI 95% ) between magnesium and CRP adjusted by age, sex, BMI and glucose tolerance status for the subjects within the low quartile of magnesium distribution was 2.11 (1.23 -3.84). CONCLUSION:The results of this study show that low serum magnesium levels are independently related to elevated CRP concentration, in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive obese subjects.

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“…2 There have been suggestions of an inverse relationship between daily dietary magnesium intake and BP. 3,4 There is also the possibility that individuals with dietary magnesium consumption in the higher quantiles are generally more health conscious and may take other steps to control BP. It should be considered, however, that the daily dietary intake of magnesium in the Western society has been declining from about 500 mg/day in the 1900s to a value closer to 175 mg/day, 5 increasing the likelihood of an individual being deficient in magnesium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis

2012

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To date, there has been inconclusive evidence regarding the effect of magnesium supplements on blood pressure (BP). This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of magnesium supplementation on BP and to establish the characteristics of trials showing the largest effect size. Primary outcome measures were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at the end of the follow-up period. One hundred and forty-one papers were identified, of which 22 trials with 23 sets of data (n ¼ 1173), with 3 to 24 weeks of follow-up met the inclusion criteria, with a supplemented elemental magnesium range of 120 --973 mg (mean dose 410 mg). 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using DerSimonian and Laird's randomeffects model, with effect size calculated using Hedges G. Combining all data, an overall effect of 0.36 and 0.32 for DBP and SBP, respectively, was observed (95% CI 0.27 --0.44 for DBP and 0.23 --0.41 for SBP), with a greater effect being seen for the intervention in crossover trials (DBP 0.47, SBP 0.51). Effect size increased in line with increased dosage. Although not all individual trials showed significance in BP reduction, combining all trials did show a decrease in SBP of 3 --4 mm Hg and DBP of 2 --3 mm Hg, which further increased with crossover designed trials and intake 4370 mg/day. To conclude, magnesium supplementation appears to achieve a small but clinically significant reduction in BP, an effect worthy of future prospective large randomised trials using solid methodology.

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Associations of serum and dietary magnesium with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, insulin, and carotid arterial wall thickness: The aric study

Cited by 387 publications

References 44 publications

Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults

Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults

Relationship between serum magnesium levels and C-reactive protein concentration, in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive obese subjects

Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis

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