Associations between risk factors in childhood (12–13 years) and adulthood (48–49 years) and subclinical atherosclerosis: the Kaunas Cardiovascular Risk Cohort Study

Abstract

BackgroundThe data on the childhood determinants of adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) are lacking in populations of Eastern Europe that are characterised by substantially high CVD mortality. From a public health perspective, it is important to identify high-risk individuals as early as possible in order to have the greatest benefit of preventive interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of childhood and adulthood traditional risk factors with subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness in a Lithuanian cohort followed up for 35 years.MethodsThe study cohort consisted of 380 adults aged 48–49 from Kaunas Cardiovascular Risk Cohort study, who were followed up since childhood (12–13 years). The baseline survey (1977) included blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric measurements and sexual maturity scale. In the follow-up survey (2012), BP, anthropometric and lipids measurements, interview about smoking, measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and determination of pulse wave velocity (PWV) were performed. Two types of general linear models were applied to test the associations of childhood and adulthood risk factors with IMT and PWV. Model 1 included only childhood variables. In model 2, adulthood variables were added to childhood variables.ResultsIn linear regression model with childhood variables childhood systolic BP (β = 0.014; p = 0.016) and BMI (β = 0.006; p = 0.003) were directly associated with IMT only in women. When adulthood variables were included into regression model, the association between childhood systolic BP and IMT remained significant (β = 0.013; p = 0.021), while childhood BMI was not associated with IMT (β = 0.003; p = 0.143). Additionally, association of adult smoking and IMT was found in women (β = 0.033; p = 0.018). IMT of men was directly related to adult systolic BP (β = 0.022; p = 0.018) and inversely to HDL cholesterol level (β = −0.044; p = 0.021). PWV was directly associated only with adult systolic BP in both genders (β = 0.729 for men and β = 0.476 for women; p = 0.001).ConclusionsSex differences in the associations between childhood and adulthood risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis were found. The results of the study support efforts to reduce conventional risk factors both in childhood and adulthood for the primary prevention of atherosclerosis.

Utility of Different Blood Pressure Measurement Components in Childhood to Predict Adult Carotid Intima-Media Thickness

“…Detailed study characteristics and examination methods for the 6 cohorts have been previously described. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Although loss to follow-up varied by cohort, previous analyses have suggested the representativeness of the cohorts has largely been maintained. 6,8,13,14 In total, 5925 participants who had available BP data from childhood (ages 3-18) and ultrasound data from adulthood (ages 19-51) were included in this study.…”

“…Details of the ultrasound data and protocols have been described elsewhere. 6,12,15,16 In the YFS (Young Finns Study), to assess intraindividual reproducibility of ultrasound measurements, 57 subjects were reexamined 3 months after the initial visit. The average absolute difference and SD between measurements was 0.05±0.04 mm.…”

Influence of Childhood and Adulthood Obesity on Arterial Stiffnes and Central Blood Pressure in Men

“…Имеются лишь единичные исследования, посвященные изучению влияния предикторов в детском возрасте (включая параметр избыточной массы тела) на развитие жесткости артерий в зрелом возрасте [25,26]. Проведенный многофакторный регрессионный анализ данных нашего проспективного исследования позволил определить наиболее значимые предикторы (детские и взрослые) центрального аортального давления у мужчин среднего возраста.…”

“…В литовском исследовании Ceponiene I. и соавт. (2015) [25] Influence of Childhood and Adulthood Obesity on Arterial Stiffnes Влияние ожирения в детском и зрелом возрасте на жесткость артерий циация детских и взрослых традиционных факторов риска с субклиническим атеросклерозом и артериальной жесткостью в когорте из 380 человек, наблюдавшихся в течение 35 лет. Регрессионный анализ показал связь САД и избыточной массы тела в детском возрасте, во взрослом возрасте последняя также ассоциировалась с повышением САД; СПВ была непосредственно связана только с САД взрослых.…”

Penyebab Perubahan Ketebalan Carotid Intima-Media

“…Walapun pada laki-laki, CIMT nya lebih besar daripada perempuan, perbedaannya tidak signifikan secara statistik setelah penyesuaian diameter karotis. Perbedaan jenis kelamin, berhubungan dengan faktor risiko masa kanak-kanak dengan dewasa dan aterosklerosis subklinis (5). Selain itu, CIMT juga berhubungan dengan kebiasaan merokok dan kebiasaan konsumsi alkohol pada laki-laki.…”