Associations between long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular lipid risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes: SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study

Abstract

Purpose In this longitudinal study we explored the relationships between plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase activities (D5D and D6D, respectively) and fasting lipids in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods Incident cases of T1D in youth <20 years of age who were seen for a baseline study visit (N=914) and a 1-year follow-up visit (N=416) were included. Fasting blood samples were obtained at each visit and plasma phospholipid n-6 PUFAs were measured, which included linoleic acid (LA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA); n-3 PUFAs included α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Estimated D5D and D6D were calculated as FA product-to-precursor ratios, where D5D= AA/DGLA and D6D = DGLA/LA. To examine the longitudinal relationships between long chain PUFAs, desaturase activities and fasting plasma lipids in youth with T1D mixed effects models were used for each individual PUFAs, D5D and D6D, adjusted for demographics, clinic site, diabetes duration, insulin regimen, insulin dose/kg, HbA1c, insulin sensitivity score, and body mass index with random effects to account for the repeated measurements. Findings Favorable lipid associations were found between LA and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (β= −0.58, P<0.05); AA, plasma triglycerides (TG) (β= −0.04, P<0.05) and TG/ high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C ratio (β= −0.04, P<0.05); and D5D, plasma TG (β= −0.2, P<0.05) and TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio (β= −0.23, P<0.05). Findings were mixed for the n-3 PUFAs and DGLA: ALA was positively associated with plasma TG (β= 0.33, P<0.05) and HDL cholesterol (β= 9.86, P<0.05); EPA was positively associated with total cholesterol (β= 8.17, P<0.05), LDL cholesterol (β=5.74, P<0.01) and HDL cholesterol (β= 2.27, P<0.01); and DGLA was positively associated with TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio (β= 0.05, P<0.05) Conclusion Findings suggest that the most abundant PUFA, LA as well as its metabolic bi-product AA, may be important targets for CVD lipid risk factor reduction in youth with T1D.

Lipidomic profiling of plasma free fatty acids in type-1 diabetes highlights specific changes in lipid metabolism

“…Associations have previously been found between some specific FAs found in phospholipids and the concentrations of cholesterol, HDL or LDL: cholesterol concentration positively correlated with eicosapentaenoate concentration (20:5) and HDL concentration with α-linolenate (18:3) and eicosapentaenoate concentrations; LDL concentration positively correlated with eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate (22:6) concentrations and negatively correlated with linoleate (18:2) concentrations, while no association was found with the concentrations of dihomo-γ-linolenate (20:3) and arachidonate (20:4) [ 41 ]. In our study, only minimal associations were found: the HDL concentration was positively correlated with the concentrations of total plasma FFAs, total saturated FFAs, and some FFAs (myristate (14:0), palmitate (16:0), linoleate (18:2), cis -vaccenate (18:1c11), stearate (18:0)), while the cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with the SCD1 index 1 and with palmitoleate (16:1) and linoleate (18:2) FFA concentrations and negatively correlated with the de novo lipogenesis index.…”

An Approach for Examining the Impact of Food Group-Based Sources of Nutrients on Outcomes with Application to PUFAs and LDL in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes

“…In contrast, among Japanese youth with type 1 diabetes, those with adolescent onset had lower levels of PUFA intake in comparison to those with childhood onset type 1 diabetes and had the highest level of LDL cholesterol [10]. We previously showed a significant inverse (favorable) association between plasma biomarkers of linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3) and LDL cholesterol, and a significant positive (unfavorable) association between eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3) and LDL cholesterol in youth with type 1 diabetes [11]. One source of discrepancy between different estimates of the effects of PUFAs on LDL cholesterol may be the food sources of the PUFAs, i.e., different food sources contain different types of PUFAs, and examining them at the food group source level may elucidate relationships not found when examining them together.…”

Produção de biocompostos microalgais em diferentes condições de cultivo / Production of microalgae biocompounds in different cultivation conditions

“…O estudo desses biocompostos inspirou o conceito de alimentos funcionais, sendo um alimento natural ou processado, que, além de seus nutrientes, possua componentes que atuem no metabolismo e na fisiologia humana, promovendo efeitos benéficos à saúde, devendo ser seguro para consumo sem supervisão médica. São capazes de influenciar nas atividades celulares que modificam e reduzem o risco de diversas doenças crônicas-degenerativas associadas ao estresse oxidativo ou desregulação do metabolismo lipídico plasmático, melhorando a qualidade e a expectativa de vida (Couch et al, 2017;García-Blanco et al, 2017;Bhat et al, 2015;Martinez-Flores et al, 2015;Schwingshackl & Hoffmann, 2012).…”