Associations between ghrelin and leptin and neural food cue reactivity in a fasted and sated state

Wever, Mirjam C.M.; Meer, Floor van; Charbonnier, Lisette; Crabtree, Daniel; Buosi, William; Giannopoulou, Angeliki; Androutsos, Odysseas; Johnstone, Alexandra M.; Μanios, Yannis; Meek, Claire L; Holst, Jens J.; Smeets, Paul A.M.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118374

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Ghrelin concentrations after external administration were previously associated with enhanced activation in OFC in response to food pictures (1,32), which was interpreted as enhanced hedonic response to food cues. In contrast, with naturally varying ghrelin concentrations, the relationship between ghrelin concentrations and such hedonic reactivity to food cues was only modest (47). We postulate therefore that it would be more informative and ecologically more valid to investigate physiologically plausible intra-individual ghrelin concentrations than external administration in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin is related to lower brain reward activation during touch

Pfabigan

Frogner

Schéle

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The gut hormone ghrelin drives food motivation and increases food intake, but it is also involved in the anticipation of and response to rewards other than food. This pre-registered study investigated how naturally varying ghrelin levels affect the processing of touch as a social reward in humans.Sixty-eight volunteers received “social-affective” touch as a social reward and control touch on their shins during 3T functional imaging on two test days. On one occasion participants were fasted and on another they received a meal. On each occasion plasma ghrelin was measured at three time points.All touch was rated as more pleasant after the meal, but there was no association between ghrelin levels and pleasantness ratings. Social-affective touch was rated as most pleasant and activated somatosensory and reward networks (whole-brain). A region-of-interest in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) showed decreased activation during all touch when ghrelin levels were high. During social-affective touch, a larger ghrelin suppression following the meal was associated with higher mOFC activation, which in turn was associated with higher experienced pleasantness.Overall, high ghrelin levels were associated with a reduction in reward-related brain activation. This suggests that ghrelin carries a negative valence signal that, however, does not alter subjective experience. Demonstrating that ghrelin is implicated in the processing of social-affective touch speaks for its versatile role in reward processes beyond motivating food search and consumption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin is related to lower brain reward activation during touch

Pfabigan

Frogner

Schéle

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Therefore, we adopted a specific quality criterion, which was already applied in the same multicenter study (Wever et al, 2021).…”

Section: Subject Level Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of hunger state on hypothalamic functional connectivity in response to food cues

Kullmann

Veit

Crabtree

et al. 2022

Human Brain Mapping

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The neural underpinnings of the integration of internal and external cues that reflect nutritional status are poorly understood in humans. The hypothalamus is a key integrative area involved in short-and long-term energy intake regulation. Hence, we examined the effect of hunger state on the hypothalamus network using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In a multicenter study, participants performed a food cue viewing task either fasted or sated on two separate days. We evaluated hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC) using psychophysiological interactions during high versus low caloric food cue viewing in 107 adults (divided into four groups based on age and body mass index [BMI]; age range 24-76 years; BMI range 19.5-41.5 kg/m 2 ). In the sated compared to the fasted condition, the hypothalamus showed significantly higher FC with the bilateral caudate, the left insula and parts of the left inferior frontal cortex. Interestingly, we observed a significant interaction between hunger state and BMI group in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).Participants with normal weight compared to overweight and obesity showed higher FC between the hypothalamus and DLPFC in the fasted condition. The current study showed that task-based FC of the hypothalamus can be modulated by internal (hunger state) and external cues (i.e., food cues with varying caloric content) with a general enhanced communication in the sated state and obesity-associated differences inStephanie Kullmann and Ralf Veit contributed equally to this study.

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“…These two hormones work in opposition to each other. Leptin increases appetite while ghrelin suppresses appetite [ 41 , 42 ]. In the RFP state, leptin levels increase in lean athletes [ 35 , 43 , 44 ], while after 3 weeks of an RFP, it decreases in men with the right body composition [ 45 ].…”

Section: Endocrine Adaptations Induced By An Rfpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Effects of Energy Constraints on Performance, Body Composition, Endocrinological/Hematological Biomarkers, and Immune System among Athletes: An Overview of the Fasting State

et al. 2022

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The Ramadan fasting period (RFP) means abstaining from consuming food and/or beverages during certain hours of the day—from sunrise to sunset. Engaging in exercise and sports during the RFP leads to the lipolysis of adipose tissue and an increase in the breakdown of peripheral fat, leading to an increase in fat consumption. The effects of the RFP on functional, hematological, and metabolic parameters needs further study as existing studies have reported contradictory results. The differences in the results of various studies are due to the geographical characteristics of Muslim athletes, their specific diets, and their genetics, which explain these variations. In recent years, the attention of medical and sports researchers on the effects of the RFP and energy restrictions on bodily functions and athletic performance has increased significantly. Therefore, this brief article examines the effects of the RFP on the immune system, body composition, hematology, and the functionality of athletes during and after the RFP. We found that most sporting activities were performed during any time of the day without being affected by Ramadan fasting. Athletes were able to participate in their physical activities during fasting periods and saw few effects on their performance. Sleep and nutritional factors should be adjusted so that athletic performance is not impaired.

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Associations between ghrelin and leptin and neural food cue reactivity in a fasted and sated state

Cited by 20 publications

References 73 publications

Ghrelin is related to lower brain reward activation during touch

Ghrelin is related to lower brain reward activation during touch

The effect of hunger state on hypothalamic functional connectivity in response to food cues

Exploring the Effects of Energy Constraints on Performance, Body Composition, Endocrinological/Hematological Biomarkers, and Immune System among Athletes: An Overview of the Fasting State

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