Associations Between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Sex Hormones Among 6- to 19-Year-Old Children and Adolescents in NHANES 2015–2016

Abstract

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and sex steroids in children (6-11 years old) and adolescents (12-19 years old) in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015–2016.MethodsParticipants between the ages of 6-19 have 24-hour dietary intake data, serum sex hormones [total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2)], and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) available data (n = 1382). The free androgen index (FAI) is calculated as TT divided by SHBG and the ratio of TT to E2 (TT/E2). The constructed puberty state is defined as high levels of steroid hormones (TT≥50 ng/dL in men, E2≥20 pg/ml in women) or onset of menarche. Multiple linear regression analysis was stratified by gender-age and gender-pubertal status groups to evaluate the association between DII and sex hormone levels.ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, the association between consecutive DII and sex hormone indicators by gender and age group. In male adolescents, DII was always negatively associated with TT (P-trend = 0.09), FAI (P-trend = 0.03) and E2 (P-trend = 0.01), and monotonically positively associated with SHBG (P-trend = 0.02).In female adolescents, with the increase of DII, a significant positive correlation with SHBG was observed (β 0.017, 95%CI: 0.009,0.053) (Table 3). Among female adolescents, a significant negative association between DII and TT and a significant positive association between SHBG were observed in this group. Moreover, DII was positively associated with SHBG of prepubertal males and negatively associated with FAI of prepubertal females.ConclusionsDII was associated with decreased levels of certain sex steroid hormones (TT, FAI, and E2) and increased levels of SHBG in adolescents or pubertal individuals, with the associations presenting somewhat sex-dependent pattern. However, there is little evidence that there is a significant association in children or prepubertal children. Further research needs to be carried out to verify our results.

Association between dietary inflammatory index and self‐reported female infertility from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2020

“…20 A positive association between DII and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG, a protein that controls the release of sex hormones) and a negative association between DII and testosterone were observed among US female adolescents. 13 However, in US adult women, a pro-inflammatory diet caused decreased SHBG. 51 Sex hormone disorders may be a bridge between DII and infertility, although its potential mechanism needs further investigation.…”

“…Lower intakes of whole grains, as well as higher intakes of processed meats and fried foods, are associated with more elevated serum inflammatory markers, whereas consuming more fruits and vegetables leads to decreased pro-inflammatory mediators. 13 Given that inflammatory status is widely believed to be associated with infertility, inflammation may be a mechanism by which diet contributes to infertility. 14 The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a literaturebased scoring system for assessing the potential influence of dietary factors on the body's inflammatory status.…”

“…14 The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a literaturebased scoring system for assessing the potential influence of dietary factors on the body's inflammatory status. 15 Higher DII indicates more pro-inflammatory potential of the diet and has been shown to be associated with many types of health issues, such as tumors, 16 psychiatric disorders, 17 respiratory diseases, 18 female reproductive system diseases 13,19,20 and cardiovascular diseases. 21 As a universal tool for evaluating the inflammatory potential of diet, DII scoring system may be beneficial for the primary prevention of infertility.…”

“…The association between diet and inflammatory status has been recognised in several studies. Lower intakes of whole grains, as well as higher intakes of processed meats and fried foods, are associated with more elevated serum inflammatory markers, whereas consuming more fruits and vegetables leads to decreased pro‐inflammatory mediators 13 . Given that inflammatory status is widely believed to be associated with infertility, inflammation may be a mechanism by which diet contributes to infertility 14 …”

Особливості Харчування Хлопців Із Гіпоандрогенією Різного Ступеня

“…Слід зазначити, що характер харчування не тільки обумовлює стан здоров'я, але й є фактором, на який можливо впливати та зменшити ризик формування та прогресування хронічних захворювань. Під час спостережних і інтервенційних досліджень було виявлено вплив дієтичного харчування та індексу запалення в їжі на рівень вільного та загального тестостерону (ЗТ), секс-стероїдзв'язувального глобуліну (СЗГ) у хлопців та чоловіків [8,9].…”