Association of Viruses in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), primarily inflammatory cardiomyopathy, are characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the myocardium. It has a relatively high risk of deteriorating heart function and has heterogeneous etiologies. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is mainly mediated by viral infections but can also be mediated by protozoa, fungal or bacterial infections. Besides that, there are a wide variety of drugs, toxic substances, and systemic immune-mediated diseases that result in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Despite broad research, inflammatory cardiomyopathy has a poor prognosis. The roles of the pathogens, host genomic counterparts and environmental triggers in the progression of disease are still under consideration, including the role of some viruses as active inducers and others as bystanders. In this review article, we review the available evidence on the types, pathogenesis and treatment of myocarditis, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis with a particular focus on virus-associated cardiac diseases.

The Epidemiology of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis

“…Current research suggests that adverse outcomes are rare in patients with vaccine-induced myocarditis [ 93 ]. However, acute arrhythmias should be monitored for several days following patient admission.…”

Novel wine in an old bottle: Preventive and therapeutic potentials of andrographolide in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases

“…Therefore, developing drugs for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD is necessary. Moreover, synthetic drugs that manage the risk factors of ASCVD, including obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension, can prevent ASCVD to some extents [ [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] ]. However, the development of ASCVD involves multiple targets and pathways.…”