Association of urinary triclosan, methyl triclosan, triclocarban, and 2,4-dichlorophenol levels with anthropometric and demographic parameters in children and adolescents in 2020 (case study: Kerman, Iran)

Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can be a major risk factor for noncommunicable illnesses, especially when children are exposed to them. The purpose of this study was to assess the urine concentrations of triclosan (TCS), methyl triclosan (MTCS), triclocarban (TCC), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and its association with anthropometric and demographic parameters in children and adolescents aged 6-18 living in Kerman, Iran, in 2020. A GC/MS instrument was used to measure the concentrations of the analytes. TCS, MTCS, TCC, and 2,4-DCP geometric mean concentrations (µg/L) were 4.32 ± 2.08, 1.73 ± 0.88, 4.66 ± 10.25, and 0.19 ± 0.14, respectively. TCS, MTCS, TCC, and 2,4-DCP were shown to have a positive and significant association with BMI z-score and BMI (p-value < 0.01). TCS and MTCS have a positive, strong, and substantial association (p-value < 0.01, r = 0.74). There was no significant association between the waist circumference (WC) and the analytes studied. In addition, there was a close association between analyte concentration and demographic parameters (smoking, education, income, etc.) overall. In Kerman, Iran, the current study was the first to look into the association between TCS, MTCS, TCC, and 2,4-DCP analytes and anthropometric and demographic data. The levels of urinary TCS, MTCS, TCC, 2,4-DCP, and anthropometric parameters in children and adolescents are shown to have a significant association in this study. However, because the current study is cross-sectional and it is uncertain if a single experiment accurately reflects long-term exposure to these analytes, more research is needed to determine the impact of these analyses on the health of children and adolescents.

Maternal exposure to benzophenone derivatives and their impacts on offspring's birth outcomes in a Middle Eastern population

“…Americans with the same age, sex and amount of body fat with Asians, tend to have a consistently higher BMI by about 2–3 kg/m 2 , partly because of the differences in body build and muscularity 49 . Obesity and overweight cause a delay in the metabolism of BPs, leading to an increase in their levels in blood and urine 50 . In addition, these areas have very hot summers where people need to use a lot of lotions and sunscreens to protect themselves from the sun's UV rays.…”

Concentrations of urinary parabens and reproductive hormones in Iranian women: Exposure and risk assessment

“…All the participants received a document that described the purpose of the study, the reason for collecting urine and blood samples from them, and informed consent regarding the voluntary nature of their participation. Demographic survey questions included age, body mass index (BMI) and education level, time spent on the physical activity, daily consumption of personal care products (bath skin products, body lotion, antiperspirant products, sunscreen cream, liquid soap, hair spray, hair color, toothpaste), and daily diet (using plastic packed food, jam, and canned food) were provided by multiple-choice and yes/no questions [11] , [20] , [41] , [39] , [40] , [10] .…”

Effect of Maternal Triclosan Exposure on Neonatal Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone Levels: A Cross‐Sectional Study

“…All solvents, standards, and derivatives, including 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methanol, N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) derivative compounds, and TCS standards, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA. To measure the concentration of TCS in urine, the dispersed liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method was employed, followed by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector (GC/MS) [ 15 ]. Briefly, urine samples were liquefied at room temperature, and then, a specific volume of the sample was taken and diluted to 5 mL with distilled water.…”