Association of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family gene polymorphisms and the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); implications of contribution for development of neurological symptoms in the COVID-19 patients

Abstract

Background Seemingly, the Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in the etiopathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here in this study, we determined the association of MMP9 rs3918242, MMP3 rs3025058, and MMP2 rs243865 polymorphisms with the risk of COVID-19, especially in those with neurological syndrome (NS). Methods We enrolled 500 patients with COVID-19 and 500 healthy individuals. To genotype the target SNPs, the Real-time allelic discrimination technique was used. To determine serum levels of MMPs, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was exerted. Results The MMP9 gene rs3918242 and MMP3 gene rs3025058 SNP were significantly associated with increased COVID-19 risk and susceptibility to COVID-19 with NS. The serum level of MMP-9 and MMP-3 was significantly higher in COVID-19 cases compared with the healthy controls. Serum MMP-9 and MMP-3 levels were also higher in COVID-19 subjects with NS in comparison to the healthy controls. The polymorphisms in MMP genes were not associated with serum level of MMPs. Conclusion MMP9 and MMP3 gene polymorphisms increases the susceptibility to COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 with neurologic syndrome, but they probably have no role in the regulation of serum MMP-9 and MMP-3 levels.

Heparanase‐1 and MMPs in Covid‐19 and non‐Covid‐19 pneumonia

“…Current literature data indicated an increase of matrix‐metalloproteins in Covid‐19 diseases. Specifically, MMP2 was increased in the plasma, 18 PBMC, 30 and tracheal aspirate fluid 31 of SARS‐CoV‐2 infected subjects. Also, MMP9 was increased in the plasma 11,18 of Covid‐19 patients.…”

Ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases; Pharmacological potentials for the coronavirus (COVID-19)

“…These enzymes act in the extracellular environment of cells and involved in degrading extracellular matrix through cleavage of matrix and non-matrix proteins. Additionally, they play an important role in pathological process of tissue repair and remodeling, inflammation and angiogenesis [ 43 ]. Furthermore, in COVID-19 patients, MMP3 was drastically higher and served as a tool for measuring the severity of disease in the COVID-19 patients [ 44 ].…”

The prevalence and contributing risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in patients with metabolic syndrome

“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by novel Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV‐2), has become a global health challenge and causes a wide range of clinical complications and, in the more intense and severe conditions, is manifested as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The most common clinical presentation of COVID-19 are dry cough, fatigue, sore throat, and fever [ 1 – 3 ]. By its spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, particularly expressed on the cells from respiratory system [ 4 – 6 ].…”