The prevalence and contributing risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in patients with metabolic syndrome

Abstract

Background Components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was reported to contribute to severe and worse outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hereby, we evaluated the association of MetS and its components with susceptibility to COVID-19. Methods Here, 1000 subjects with MetS were recruited that were diagnosed via the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criterion. Real-time PCR was exerted to detect SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharyngeal swabs. Results Among the MetS patients, 206 (20.6%) cases were detected to have COVID-19. Smoking (OR = 5.04, 95%CI = 3.53–7.21, P < 0.0001) and CVD (OR = 1.62, 95%CI = 1.09–2.40, P = 0.015) were associated with increased chance of COVID-19 infection in the MetS patients. BMI was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in MetS cases with COVID-19 than those without COVID-19. Obesity was associated with increased susceptibility to COVID-19 in MetS patients (OR = 2.00, 95%CI = 1.47–2.74, P < 0.0001). Total cholesterol, TG, LDL were significantly higher in the MetS cases with COVID-19 than those without COVID-19. Dyslipidemia was associated with increased chance of COVID-19 (OR = 1.50, 95%CI = 1.10–2.05, P = 0.0104). FBS level was significantly higher in the MetS cases with COVID-19. T2DM was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 in MetS patients (OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.01-2.00, P = 0.0384). Hypertension was associated with increased chance of COVID-19 in the MetS patients (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.05–1.98, P = 0.0234). Conclusions MetS and its components, like obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular complications were associated with increased chance of COVID-19 infection development and probably with aggravated symptoms in such patients.

Evaluation of the relationship between serum interleukin-1β levels and expression of inflammasome-related genes in patients with COVID-19

“…The latest evidence suggested that increased and uncontrolled inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 [ 12 , 13 ]. Numerous molecules in the immune system lead to inflammation, and the formation of inflammasomes and inflammatory cytokines are essential in these processes [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Prevalence of Amputations in Diabetic Individuals Treated at a Referral Center

“…It is essential to highlight that lifestyle habits directly affect the quality of life and glycemic control or lack thereof, as although most interventions to control DM involve the use of hypoglycemic drugs, dietary changes and physical activity are the main measures to combat insulin resistance 15,16 . The antecedents to the appearance of metabolic syndrome, such as inadequate diet and sedentary lifestyle, influence the clinical condition and consequently the appearance of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 DM 15,16 .…”

Prevalência De Amputações Em Indivíduos Diabéticos Atendidos Em Um Centro De Referência

“…É importante ressaltar que os hábitos de vida implicam diretamente na qualidade de vida e no controle glicêmico ou falta dele, pois apesar da maior parte das intervenções para controle do DM envolver o uso de hipoglicemiantes, a mudança alimentar e prática de atividade física são as principais medidas no combate à resistência insulínica 15,16 . Os antecedentes ao aparecimento da síndrome metabólica, como a alimentação inadequada e sedentarismo influenciam na condição clínica e em consequência ao aparecimento de doenças cardiovasculares e DM tipo 2 15,16 .…”