Association of the Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity with Cardio-Vascular Disease Outcomes among Men and Women Aged 40–69 Years in the Korean Population: An 18-Year Follow-Up Report on the Ansung–Ansan Cohort in the Korean Genome Environment Study

Abstract

The estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) can predict adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes in patients with increased CVD risks. However, data on its predictive capacity for CVD outcomes in the general population are limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between the ePWV and CVD outcomes among Korean adults. Ten thousand thirty patients aged 40–69 years from the Ansung–Ansan cohort in a prospective community-based cohort study were followed up for over 18 years. The ePWV was categorized into quartiles. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality and CVD outcomes (composites of CV mortality, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease). The incidence of CV mortality and CVD outcomes was 7.0% and 22.1% in the fourth (highest) ePWV quartile and 0.1% and 4.5% in the first (lowest) quartile, respectively. After relevant covariate adjustments, the patients in the fourth quartile showed a significantly higher CV mortality risk (hazard ratio (HR), 7.57; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.83–31.25). The patients in the third and fourth quartiles had higher CVD outcome risks (third: HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.19–2.16; fourth: HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.05–2.31) than those in the first quartile. This association was more clearly observed among women than among men. An elevated ePWV is associated with CV mortality and CVD outcomes. The ePWV is expected to serve as a potential marker for identifying high-risk groups for CVD events.

Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity in the Prediction of Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation

“…Prior studies have published findings regarding the prognostic value of ePWV. In the general population, an elevated baseline ePWV has been linked to an increased likelihood of subsequent cardiovascular events or mortality [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Additionally, the prognostic value of ePWV in patients at a moderate or high risk has been revealed by some research.…”

Harnessing Metabolic Indices as a Predictive Tool for Cardiovascular Disease in a Korean Population without Known Major Cardiovascular Event

“…Additionally, data were collected using an on-site interview questionnaire to ascertain the incidence of recent MI, CAD, stroke, HF, and PAD during biennial visits. MI was defined as a clinical emergency where the patient recalled experiencing a heart attack episode that necessitated hospitalization or revascularization [31]. CAD was defined as requiring hospitalization or revascularization, excluding any incidents of MI recalled by the patient.…”

Individual and combined associations of estimated pulse wave velocity and systemic inflammation response index with risk of stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study

“…However, measuring cfPWV requires specialized equipment and trained staff, making it less accessible in clinical practice. In recent years, the Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness Collaboration has developed an equation called estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) that estimates aortic stiffness based on age and blood pressure (BP) (5).The ePWV has demonstrated comparable predictive efficiency to cfPWV in predicting major cardiovascular events (6,7) and Korean Population (8).Several studies have shown the associations of ePWV with cardiovascular outcomes, including stroke events, among Western populations (7,9). However, there is a lack of research on the relationship between ePWV and cardiovascular outcomes in Chinese populations.…”