Association of Salivary Lipid Peroxidation Levels, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Chronic Periodontitis

Antioxidant enzymes in periodontitis

“…In a previous study, a highly significant negative correlation between the periodontal parameters studied and salivary antioxidant levels was established. 28 It was speculated that as the periodontal condition deteoriates due to ROS production, the antioxidants are utilized to maintain the balance and so the normal level decreases.…”

The impact of antioxidant agents complimentary to periodontal therapy on oxidative stress and periodontal outcomes: A systematic review

“…4,10,15 Salivary levels of CAT were reduced in chronic periodontitis patients when compared to periodontally healthy subjects. 16 GPx is a selenium-containing peroxidase responsible for the protection of mammalian cells against oxidative damages by reducting a variety of hydroperoxides, such as ROOH and H 2 O 2 extracellularly and in the mitochondria. 4,17 Additionally, one study showed that gingival crevicular fluid from periodontitis patients contained significantly lower amounts of reduced and oxidised glutathione than matched periodontally healthy subjects.…”

Influence of Periodontal Clinical Status on Salivary Levels of Glutathione Reductase

“…In both AgP and CP, PMNs appear to be functionally activated and exhibit increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), free radicals (FRs), and proteolytic enzymes 8–13 as local bacteriostatic mechanisms 14 . During normal conditions, these molecules ensure an efficient defense against microorganisms; in the presence of persistent inflammation, they also may produce adverse effects on periodontal tissue structures through a mechanism known as oxidative stress, 15 , 16 which involves multiple pathways such as lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, oxidation of important enzymes, protein damage, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, 17 thus leading to progressive collagen and bone loss.…”

“…Although relatively little has been studied about the activity of this flavoprotein in periodontal diseases, it has been demonstrated that the imbalance in antioxidant defense might play a role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. Nevertheless, it is difficult to draw well‐founded conclusions because the studies have yielded conflicting results, ranging from no differences 14 , 19 to diminished expression in CP 17 , 20 . Moreover, none of the previous studies has identified whether the salivary levels of GR are linked with the degree of periodontal breakdown in terms of extent/severity or their association with different periodontal conditions 14,17,19,20 .…”

“…Nevertheless, it is difficult to draw well‐founded conclusions because the studies have yielded conflicting results, ranging from no differences 14 , 19 to diminished expression in CP 17 , 20 . Moreover, none of the previous studies has identified whether the salivary levels of GR are linked with the degree of periodontal breakdown in terms of extent/severity or their association with different periodontal conditions 14,17,19,20 . Because saliva has gained significant recognition as a biologic sample for the detection of biochemical and cellular markers related to oxidative stress and alveolar bone loss, 21–23 this study aims to compare the concentration of GR in unstimulated whole saliva from individuals with AgP or CP and healthy controls (HCs), as well as elucidate its association with the periodontal clinical status.…”