Association of plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels with cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis

Serum Klotho, vitamin D, and homocysteine in combination predict the outcomes of Chinese patients with multiple system atrophy

“…The high concentrations of Hcy imply that Hcy may participate in the pathological mechanism of MSA and PD. To our knowledge, Hcy involves in the pathogenesis of MSA via mediating inflammation response . Therefore, Hcy may be a possible modifier in MSA and PD.…”

Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Pharmacogenomics

“…Parkinson’s disease is a form of multisystemic α-synucleinopathy with Lewy bodies deposited in the midbrain. Descriptive phenomena to explain in part this neuropathological phenotype include the following: (i) genomic factors; (ii) epigenetic changes; (iii) toxic factors; (iv) oxidative stress anomalies; (v) neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory reactions; (vi) hypoxic-ischemic conditions; (vii) metabolic deficiencies; and (viii) ubiquitin–proteasome system dysfunction [19,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]; all these conditions leading to protein misfolding and aggregation and premature neuronal death. Recent evidence also suggests that PD might be a prion-like disease [30].…”

“…Mutations in a series of primary genes are known to cause autosomal dominant and recessive forms of PD [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. Mutations in some genes—e.g., α-Synuclein ( SNCA ), Parkin 2 ( PARK2 ), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 ( PINK1 ), PARK7 , Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 ), Bone narrow stromal cell antigen 1 ( BST1 ), Microtubule-associated protein tau ( MAPT )—might be causative in familial forms of PD whereas diverse genetic defects in other loci might represent susceptibility loci associated with sporadic PD without family history [28,34,35,36,37,38,39].…”

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“…In contrast, the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study cohort and case-control studies from three regions in China (N > 6,000) found no relationship between folate or vitamin B 12 intake or status and risk for Parkinson's disease (53,113,114). However, a recent meta-analysis of 14 studies found that elevated plasma Hcy was an independent risk factor for Parkinson's disease (96,115,116).…”

“…Further, as Parkinson's disease progressed levels of vitamin B 12 decreased, and low B 12 was associated with greater disease severity (113,116). However, no clear relationship between vitamin B 12 intake and the risk of Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated (53,113,114,116).…”