Association of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms With Substance Misuse in 2 Longitudinal Cohorts in Sweden

Virtanen, S; Kuja‐Halkola, Ralf; Sidorchuk, Anna; Cruz, Lorena Fernández de la; Rück, Christian; Lundström, Staffan; Suvisaari, Jaana; Larsson, Henrik; Lichtenstein, Paul; Mataix‐Cols, David; Latvala, Antti

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14779

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…However, the methodological differences do not allow to make head-to-head comparisons that can establish whether the differences are signi cant. Nonetheless, previous register-based data using a large cohort of individuals with OCD diagnosed in specialist care in Sweden showed a 3.7-fold increased risk of any substance misuse disorder, including use of alcohol and also other drugs, in individuals with OCD, compared to individuals from the general population (24). Use of tobacco (cigarettes or snuff/smokeless tobacco) in our sample was around 15%, well in line with current population estimates (18).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The evidence regarding the association between OCD and substance use disorders is more mixed (21)(22)(23). However, a recent nationwide register study concluded that individuals with OCD had a signi cantly increased risk of alcohol-related and other drug-related disorders (24). Further, sleep disturbances have been shown to be prevalent in individuals with OCD in terms of poor sleep quality, reduced sleep time, and higher prevalence of insomnia, compared to the general population (25)(26)(27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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General somatic health and lifestyle habits in individuals with obsessive- compulsive disorder: An international survey

Holmberg

Martinsson²,

Lidin

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with a broad range of health-related issues. Unhealthy lifestyle habits such as physical inactivity, an unhealthy diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption are hypothesized to contribute to this association. However, the lifestyle habits of individuals with OCD have been scarcely investigated. In this international survey, we explored the physical health and lifestyle habits of adults with a self-reported diagnosis of OCD. Methods An online global survey available in seven languages was disseminated through interest organizations and social media between July 2021 and March 2022. The survey included questions relating to socio-demographic variables and clinical characteristics (including OCD symptom severity – as measured with the 12-item self-report scale Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory [OCI-12] – and psychotropic medication), physical health, and lifestyle habits. Frequencies and percentages, or means and standard deviations, as appropriate, were calculated. Subgroup analyses by OCD symptom severity, gender, and age group were performed. Results A total of 496 individuals with OCD completed the survey and were included in the analyses (mean age = 36.0 years, SD = 12.5, range 18–79; 78.8% women). Most participants were from Europe (n = 245, 49.4%) and North America (n = 187, 37.7%). OCD symptom severity scores were on the moderate range (OCI-12 mean score = 21.2, SD = 9.1). A majority (n = 354, 71.4%) reported having comorbid somatic health issues, mainly allergies, gastrointestinal conditions, and cardiometabolic conditions. Nearly half of the sample (n = 236, 47.6%) reported a body mass index ≥ 25, corresponding to at least overweight. A significant proportion of the participants reported low physical activity (n = 271, 55.0%), unhealthy dietary habits (n = 182, 36.7%), risk consumption of alcohol (n = 111, 22.3%), and non-restorative sleep (n = 268, 54.0%). Subgroup analyses showed overall similar results across groups, with some exceptions. Conclusions In this sample, individuals with OCD self-reported a range of health-related issues and a number of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, most prominently a lack of physical activity. Interventions aimed at modifying unhealthy lifestyles to prevent or improve health conditions beyond the psychiatric symptoms should be considered.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

General somatic health and lifestyle habits in individuals with obsessive- compulsive disorder: An international survey

Holmberg

Martinsson²,

Lidin

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Future studies can investigate to what extent genetic overlap is explained by true genetic pleiotropy vs. alternative mechanisms such as shared diagnostic criteria or mediation through unmeasured traits (Martin et al, 2017). A notable exception is our finding that risk variants for OCD are protective for alcohol dependence (Walters et al, 2018), which is at odds with epidemiological evidence strongly linking OCD and alcohol related disorders (Virtanen et al 2022). Though not all epidemiological evidence is consistent; a large review paper (Sharma et al, 2021) reported a lower than expected lifetime comorbidity of substance use disorders in OCD (7.2% in adults), compared to the general population (10.7%) The observed pattern of correlations with other phenotypes can be thought of as falling into two categories: compulsivity/impulsivity and rumination/worry/neuroticism.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

Genome-wide association study identifies 30 obsessive-compulsive disorder associated loci

Strom,

Gerring,

Galimberti

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects ∼1% of the population and exhibits a high SNP-heritability, yet previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided limited information on the genetic etiology and underlying biological mechanisms of the disorder. We conducted a GWAS meta-analysis combining 53,660 OCD cases and 2,044,417 controls from 28 European-ancestry cohorts revealing 30 independent genome-wide significant SNPs and a SNP-based heritability of 6.7%. Separate GWAS for clinical, biobank, comorbid, and self-report sub-groups found no evidence of sample ascertainment impacting our results. Functional and positional QTL gene-based approaches identified 249 significant candidate risk genes for OCD, of which 25 were identified as putatively causal, highlightingWDR6, DALRD3, CTNND1and genes in the MHC region. Tissue and single-cell enrichment analyses highlighted hippocampal and cortical excitatory neurons, along with D1- and D2-type dopamine receptor-containing medium spiny neurons, as playing a role in OCD risk. OCD displayed significant genetic correlations with 65 out of 112 examined phenotypes. Notably, it showed positive genetic correlations with all included psychiatric phenotypes, in particular anxiety, depression, anorexia nervosa, and Tourette syndrome, and negative correlations with a subset of the included autoimmune disorders, educational attainment, and body mass index.. This study marks a significant step toward unraveling its genetic landscape and advances understanding of OCD genetics, providing a foundation for future interventions to address this debilitating disorder.

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“…We found probable OCD to be significantly associated with substance or drug addiction. Literature suggests an association between OCS and elevated risk of substance abuse (Adam et al ., 2012; Virtanen et al ., 2022). Genetic factors account for a high percentage of shared endophenotypes for OCD and substance abuse (Gage et al ., 2016); however, this association could not be entirely explained by genetic factors, and environmental mediators such as self-medication have a main role in the association of OCD with substance abuse (Virtanen et al ., 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and their psychosocial correlates among medical students during COVID-19 pandemic

Nahidi

Moghaddam

Tabesh

et al. 2023

International Clinical Psychopharmacology

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This study aimed to assess the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) among medical students during COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate their association with related sociodemographic features and other psychological symptoms. In this cross-sectional study, students from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences with no major exam in the preceding or following month were surveyed during April to August 2021 through stratified available sampling. Data were collected by a structured online questionnaire distributed through social media platforms. OCS were assessed using Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) and COVID-related stress was evaluated using COVID Stress Scale (CSS). Overall, 347 students with a mean age of 22.67 ± 2.56 years were included in this study, of whom 30.3% had probable obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; OCI-R score ≥21). Mean CSS scores in students with and without probable OCD were 38.64 ± 19.82 and 26.72 ± 16.63, respectively (P < 0.005). Total CSS score was significantly correlated with OCI-R score (r = 0.38, P = 0.001). Around one-third of the medical students reported significant OCS during COVID-19 pandemic, which was associated with higher COVID-19-related stress. Further research provides insight into management of OCD and related disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Association of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms With Substance Misuse in 2 Longitudinal Cohorts in Sweden

Cited by 7 publications

References 65 publications

General somatic health and lifestyle habits in individuals with obsessive- compulsive disorder: An international survey

General somatic health and lifestyle habits in individuals with obsessive- compulsive disorder: An international survey

Genome-wide association study identifies 30 obsessive-compulsive disorder associated loci

Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and their psychosocial correlates among medical students during COVID-19 pandemic

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