Association of neutrophil morphology with bacterial isolates in equine tracheal wash samples

Jocelyn, N. A.; Wylie, C. E.; Lean, M. S.; Barrelet, Annalisa; Foote, A. K.

doi:10.1111/evj.12837

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In the present study, ALP and LDH enzyme activities were determined in TW fluid of racehorses and mean ALP and LDH enzyme activities were found to be significantly higher in racehorses with both NS-LAD and S-LAD groups than healthy controls (P < 0.01). These results were in concordance with the previous studies performed in dogs [19], horses [13,23] and humans [5,8] mentioned above. In addition, LDH enzyme activity in the S-LAD group was determined to be higher (P < 0.01) than the NS-LAD group (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Local inflammatory cells such as alveolar macrophages and polymorphnuclear cells might had been a potential source of elevation in LDH concentration [5]. Especially in bacterial etiologies bacterial toxins causes degeneration and lysis of neutrophils and other cell types might have caused high LDH values as well [13]. In our study, based on cytology results were observed that increased levels of neutrophil (≥ 80%), degenerative cell changes and presence of intracellular bacteria in the septic inflammation group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…The agars were incubated 24-48 h for bacterial growth. After the incubation period, the cultures were examined for the growth of bacterial colonies which were considered as pathogenic for horses according to the previous studies [3,13].…”

Section: Bacteriologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzymatic Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation in Tracheal Wash Fluid in Racehorses: Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase

Mete

İnal

Maden

2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Diagnosis of the lower airway diseases (LAD) in horses relies on clinical signs, endoscopic examination and cytologic evaluation of lower respiratory tract flushing fluids as well. Specific enzyme activities in respiratory tract fluids of horses could be used as useful indicators in lower airway disorders. The main goal of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activites in tracheal wash (TW) fluids of horses with lower respiratory tract inflammation and/or damage and also in distinguishing of non-septic and septic inflammation in racehorses with LAD.Materials, Methods & Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted in racehorses. TW fluid samples were obtained from 83 racehorses (71 with lower airway diseases and 12 healthy controls) for the study. The One-Way ANOVA Test was used for the significance analysis of the differences between the groups in showing the normal distribution of blood serum ALP and LDH properties. Kruskal Wallis H Test and Tamhane T2 test were used for the significance analysis of the differences between the groups of tracheal ALP and LDH properties, which were not normally distributed. The sampled horses were classified into 3 groups as healthy control, non septic neutrophilic inflammation (NS-LAD) and septic neutrophilic inflammation (S-LAD) according to the tracheal mucus scores determined during endoscopic examination, clinical signs, cytologic and bacteriologic examination of collected TW samples. According to cytology results normal neutrophil levels (< 20%) were determined in the heatlhy control group (14.5%). However, increased neutrophil levels (≥ 20% and ≥ 80%) were encountered in the NS-LAD (61.4%) and S-LAD (24.1%) groups respectively. Also, the signs of degenerative changes and presence of intracellular bacteria in the neutrophil cells in the S-LAD group was observed. Bacteriologic analysis of the samples revealed Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was the most prevalent agent (85.6%) followed by Escherichia coli (4.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.8%). ALP and LDH enzyme activities of TW fluid were found to be significantly higher in racehorses with LAD compared with healthy controls (P < 0.01). On the other hand, a significant difference was also determined for LDH levels between NS-LAD and S-LAD cases determining with cytological and bacteriological examination (P < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found between NS-LAD and S-LAD group. Serum ALP and LDH levels of racehorses revealed no significant difference between each study groups.Discussion: Respiratory system diseases have been known to be one of the main causes of training disruption and interruption of racing events in racehorses. Specifically, LAD is the most frequently diagnosed disorder in racehorses evaluated for poor performance. In the present study established for determining the usefulness of ALP and LDH enzyme levels in the TW samples of horses with lower respiratory tract inflammatory disorders. It was concluded that ALP and LDH enzyme activities of TW fluid could be considered as indicators of pulmonary inflammation and/or damage and LDH enzyme activity is thought to be useful in distinguishing neutrophilic non-septic and septic pulmonary inflammation in racehorses with LAD. On the other hand, data obtained from the study indicated that TW fluid ALP activity was not enough statistically to differenatiate horses with non-septic and septic lower airway inflammation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

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Enzymatic Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation in Tracheal Wash Fluid in Racehorses: Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase

Mete

İnal

Maden

2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…More attention will need to be paid in future to morphology and perhaps typing of cells. The existence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis) in horses with severe EA presents an additional method to determine response to treatment ( 67 ), and recently the presence of degenerate neutrophils has been shown to raise suspicion for bacterial infection ( 68 ). The question of macrophage morphology as an indicator of inflammation is also an area that will profit from further investigation ( 69 ).…”

Section: Recommended Minimum Database For Diagnosis Of Equine Asthma mentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions

et al. 2020

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The 2019 Havemeyer Workshop brought together researchers and clinicians to discuss the latest information on Equine Asthma and provide future research directions. Current clinical and molecular asthma phenotypes and endotypes in humans were discussed and compared to asthma phenotypes in horses. The role of infectious and non-infectious causes of equine asthma, genetic factors and proposed disease pathophysiology were reviewed. Diagnostic limitations were evident by the limited number of tests and biomarkers available to field practitioners. The participants emphasized the need for more accessible, standardized diagnostics that would help identify specific phenotypes and endotypes in order to create more targeted treatments or management strategies. One important outcome of the workshop was the creation of the Equine Asthma Group that will facilitate communication between veterinary practice and research communities through published and easily accessible guidelines and foster research collaboration.

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“…This cross‐sectional study by Natasha Jocelyn and colleagues in the UK aimed to characterise the relevance of neutrophil morphology in tracheal wash (TW) samples in horses with respiratory disease .…”

Section: Tracheal Wash Cytologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

Wright¹

2018

Equine Veterinary Education

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Association of neutrophil morphology with bacterial isolates in equine tracheal wash samples

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

Enzymatic Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation in Tracheal Wash Fluid in Racehorses: Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase

Enzymatic Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation in Tracheal Wash Fluid in Racehorses: Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase

Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions

Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers

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