Association of nephrolithiasis with the intake of carbonated drinks.

Abstract

Objective: To determine the association between the consumption of carbonated drinks and development of kidney stones. Study Design: Matched Case-control study. Setting: Liaquat National Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. Period: June 2017 to December 2017. Material & Methods: We recruited patients of nephrolithiasis admitted in Nephrology ward at Liaquat National Hospital as cases and controls from General Surgery ward. The sample size calculated was 186, with 93 cases and 93 controls, matched for age. Descriptive statistics of socio-demographic variables were computed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the association between predictor and outcome variables. Results: A total of 186 patients participated in the study. Mean ages of the cases and controls were 34.92 (SD: 16.81) years and 31.76 (SD: 14.49) years, respectively. Around 66% of the cases and 75% of the controls had formal education. Approximately 16% of the cases and 10% of the controls were consuming soft drinks daily. Of them 77% were taking for more than 5 years. In multivariate analysis, we were unable to find significant associations between intake of carbonated drinks and kidney stones. However, the adjusted matched odds ratio (adj. mOR) for calcium intake was 6.36 (CI: 1.81- 22.33) and for caffeine intake was 7.9 (CI: 2.12 – 30.04). Those who had a past history of kidney diseases were at higher risk of developing kidney stones (mOR14.5; CI: 3.20- 65.76). Conclusion: The Study did not show any significant association of kidney stones with the intake of carbonated drinks. However, further longitudinal studies are required in order to confirm or refute any association between intake of carbonated drinks and nephrolithiasis.

Assessment of Risk Factors for Formulation of Kidney Stone among Adult Males

“…These come in agreement with Ferraro et al (2020), in Italy, showed higher risk for incident kidney stones for the consumption of one or more soda drinks per day compared with less than one per week. In contrast, Adeel et al (2021), in Pkistan, unable to find significant associations between intakes of carbonated drinks and kidney stones.…”

“…In disagreement with these results Esnaasharan et al (2020), in Iran, andAdeel et al (2021), in Pakistan, found that, no association between the volume of total fluid intake, and risk of kidney stones. However, according to Jafari et al ( 2019), wrong time of drinking water, such as during or immediately before, and after meals, may disturb food digestion, and increase ghaliz humor; therefore, liquid consumption should be limited to 20 minutes before and two hours after meals.…”