Association of microparticles and preeclampsia

Abstract

Preeclampsia (PE) is a syndrome characterized by poor placentation and endothelial dysfunction. The diagnosis for this syndrome is based in hypertension and proteinuria presented after the 20th week of pregnancy. Despite intensive research, PE is still one of the leading causes of maternal mortality, although reliable screening tests or effective treatments of this disease have yet to be proposed. Microparticles (MPs) are small vesicles released after cell activation or apoptosis, which contain membrane proteins that are characteristic of the original parent cell. MPs have been proven to play key role in thrombosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis, as well as to mediate cell-cell communication by transferring mRNAs and microRNA from the cell of origin to target cells. Placenta-derived syncytiotrophoblast MPs are one of the most increased MPs during PE and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Therefore, a better overall understanding of the role of MPs in PE may be useful for new clinical diagnoses and therapeutic approaches.

Preeclampsia and health risks later in life: an immunological link

“…Microparticles are a group of small membrane vesicles (0.05-1μm) with heterogeneous origins released from the cell surface by blebbing of plasma membrane during cell activation and apoptosis [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77]. All eukaryotic cells have the ability to release microparticles including platelets, endothelia, leukocytes, and syncytiotrophoblasts [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77].…”

“…All eukaryotic cells have the ability to release microparticles including platelets, endothelia, leukocytes, and syncytiotrophoblasts [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77]. Microparticles of different sizes including exosomes can be detected in circulation and carry chemokines, cytokines, enzymes, mRNA and microRNA, trophic factors, and signaling proteins.…”

“…Microparticles of different sizes including exosomes can be detected in circulation and carry chemokines, cytokines, enzymes, mRNA and microRNA, trophic factors, and signaling proteins. It has been implied that they play a pivotal role in thrombosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cell-cell communication by activating unknown receptors or by transferring their cargo including mRNAs and microRNA to target cells under physiological conditions [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77]. Redman and Sargent first proposed that placenta-derived microparticles could play a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia [75].…”

“…Accumulating evidence has shown that microparticles derived from syncytiotrophoblasts induce production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of peripheral blood leukocytes when co-cultured with PBMCs and endothelial cells [71,72,[74][75][76]. Accordingly, microparticles have been proposed as an immunoregulator for programming mild inflammation in normal pregnancy.…”

Impaired Phenotype of Circulating Endothelial-Derived Microparticles: Novel Marker of Cardiovascular Risk

“…Immune phenotypes of circulating microparticles in patients with cardiovascular conditions and metabolic comorbidities are reported in Table 2. Although there are studies reported the role of different immune phenotypes of endothelial cell-derived MPs as surrogate marker of endothelial dysfunction [38][39][40][41] , within last years the impact of MPs originated from activated and apoptotic endothelial cells as important circulating biological vectors in pathogenesis of inflammation, coagulation, tissue reparation, malignancy, atherogenesis, vascular aging has become more much understood [42,43] .…”