Association of HLA antigens with coeliac disease among Iraqi children

Arora

J of Gastro and Hepatol

et al. 2016

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of celiac disease in Asia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Arora

J of Gastro and Hepatol

et al. 2016

“…Similarly, gluten intolerance has a high prevalence in the Middle East among individuals at risk for CD who often suffer from silent/subclinical forms of celiac disease and have been recognized by means of serological screening tests (Table 3). These data on the new epidemiology of CD among Middle Eastern people do not appear surprising because these populations live in countries included in the "Fertile Crescent", the region where CD originated [4] and where there is both a large consumption of wheat [81,82] and a high frequency of the HLA CD predisposing genes [83,84] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Celiac disease in the developing countries: A new and challenging public health problem

Cataldo¹

2007

WJG

115

In the past, celiac disease was believed to be a chronic enteropathy, almost exclusively affecting people of European origin. The availability of new, simple, very sensitive and specific serological tests (anti-gliadin, anti-endomysium and anti-transglutaminase antibody assays) have shown that celiac disease is common not only in Europe and in people of European ancestry but also in the developing countries where the major staple diet is wheat (Southern Asia, the Middle East, North West and East Africa, South America), both in the general population and in the groups at risk. Gluten intolerance thus appears to be a widespread public health problem and an increased level of awareness and clinical suspicion are needed in the New World where physicians must learn to recognize the variable clinical presentations (classical, atypical and silent forms) of celiac disease. In the developing countries, both serological screening in the general population and serological testing in groups at risk are necessary for an early identification of celiac patients. The gluten-free diet poses a challenging public health problem in the developing countries, especially since commercial gluten-free products are not available.

“…The condition causes chronic diarrhea, fatigue and other problems, with the only effective therapy being a gluten-free diet. In Iraq, the dominant HLA associated with celiac disease is HLA-B8 and B12 [20].…”

Section: Coeliac Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between HLA Typing and Different Diseases in IRAQ

Mahdi¹

2013

Clon Transgen

Human leukocyte antigen system is the major histocompatibility complex in humans, which includes several hundreds of genes located in a highly polymorphic region of chromosome 6 that encode for proteins critical for the immune system. HLA Class I antigens (A, B and C) transport and present peptides produced by degradation of proteins inside the cell like viral antigens, to CD8+ T cells, in addition to that the HLA Class I, carry also foreign or not-self antigens. Under normal conditions, these T -cell CD 8+ cells recognize but do not destroy those cells with the right "self"Ag, unless they also carry a non-self antigen. Under pathological conditions, like in certain autoimmune diseases T cells can destroy cells carrying self-antigens, causing autoimmune diseases. The role of HLA Class II antigens (DRB1, DRB3,4,5, DQA1/DQB1, DPB1) is to present the peptides from processed proteins that are produced outside the cell, derived from bacteria and protozoa, to helper T-cells CD4+ to stimulate their multiplication. These helper T cells then stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies against the foreign antigens. HLA and disease associations have been widely studied across the populations worldwide and are found to be important in prediction of disease susceptibility, resistance or protective and of evolutionary maintenance of genetic diversity. Here, in this review, we have collected HLA association data on some autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, cancers, and other diseases with unknown etiology in Iraq and attempt to summarize some remarkable HLA alleles related with specific diseases.