Association of diabetes and microbiota: An update

Abstract

Diabetes is an emerging health condition globally and is suggested to have a direct connection with the gut microbiota that determine our metabolic outcomes. Sensitivity to insulin and glucose metabolism is normal in healthy people as compared to those people who cannot maintain their glucose metabolism. One of the reasons of the differences is that healthy people have different microbiome that leads to achieve more short chain fatty acids and make up more branched amino acids, while the gut microbiota of the other group of people are more likely to produce compounds that affects glucose metabolism. Herein, this review will present the research related to the impact of gut microbes on diabetes carried out in the past decade. The review focus on the relation between gut microbiota and Type-1 Diabetes (T1D), Type-2 Diabetes (T2D), and how gut microbiota could be an alternative therapy for treatment of diabetes.

The antidiabetic effects of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21 through regulating gut microbiota structure in type 2 diabetic mice

“…An intestinal flora imbalance is important in the course of T2DM. 36 Supplementation with probiotics can help to improve microbial dysbiosis. In our study, the intestinal microflora structure of diabetic mice was significantly altered.…”

Natural Ingredients from Medicine Food Homology as Chemopreventive Reagents against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Modulating Gut Microbiota Homoeostasis

“…Although T2DM is caused due to various factors, the human gut microbiota plays a vital role in the progression of T2DM [4]. The impact of gut microbiota on T2DM has attracted widespread attention; studies have been done over the past few years to research the relationship between the two [12].…”

“…Through diet modification, regular exercise, weight control, and patient education, T2DM can be managed and medications can be avoided. Diabetes is characterized by "leaky gut" syndrome, where bacterial cell wall components enter the blood circulation of the animal host in a large amount, which may cause metabolic endotoxemia and systemic low-grade inflammation [4]. Gut microbiota acts an important role in modulating the systemic and intestinal immunity and metabolic homeostasis [5].…”

Sodium butyrate mediates histone crotonylation and alleviated neonatal rats hypoxic–ischemic brain injury through gut–brain axis

“…Studies have shown that the microbiome plays an important, region-specific role in brain development as early as hours after birth ( Castillo-Ruiz et al, 2018 ). Some studies demonstrated that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome early in life is associated with specific childhood or adult diseases, such as asthma, diabetes, allergic diseases, and autism spectrum disorder ( Arrieta et al, 2015 ; Al-Jameel, 2021 ). Studies have reported that fecal microbiota transplantation from stroke model mice increases the severity of ischemic brain damage in germ-free mice ( Singh et al, 2016 ).…”