Association of depression with type 2 diabetes and relevant factors

Abstract

Background:Based on the high prevalence of diabetes and depression in Rasht, we conducted a study to evaluate the prevalence of depression in type 2 diabetic patients, and its association with glycemic control, chronic complications, and some clinical and paraclinical parameters in this northern state of Iran.Materials and Methods:Beck depression inventory was used for evaluating depression on 90 type 2 diabetics and 90 healthy controls selected. Information on demographic and clinical and paraclinical characteristics was collected by interviews and from medical records.Results:This cross-sectional study was performed on 90 type 2 diabetic patients (63 female and 27 male with a mean age of 54.17 ± 10.57 years) and 90 healthy matched controls. Overall, depression was significantly more prevalent in case group [37.8% vs. 16%, odds ratio (OR) = 3.29, P = 0.001]. The prevalence of depression in diabetic women was significantly higher than nondiabetic ones (39.7% vs. 15%, P = 0.002). We could not find any significant correlation between depression and positive family history of depression, duration of diabetes, HBA1c level, and body mass index. The prevalence of depression was prominently more in diabetic patients with retinopathy than in those without this complication (55.6% vs. 24%, P = 0.015). Logistic regression analysis indicated that diabetes itself was the only significant determinant of having depression (OR = 3.29, P = 0.005, 95% confidence interval: 0.118-0.667).Conclusion:There was a prominent prevalence of depression in type 2 diabetics overall. Depression was not correlated with duration of diabetes and glycemic control. There was a significant association between depression and retinopathy in diabetic patients. Diabetes itself was the only significant determinant of having depression after matching with other variables.

The association of diabetes duration and glycemic control with depression in elderly men with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…[ 9 ] In an Iranian study, depression was not correlated with a duration of diabetes and glycemic control. [ 10 ] In the present study, an association between depressive symptoms and either higher HbA1c levels or longer duration of T2DM in males was noted. Blood glucose is known to affect mood, and inversely depression has been suggested to be a possible cause of inadequate metabolic control in T2DM patients.…”

“…[ 7 8 ] However, other studies reported conflicting results claiming a negative relationship between depression and glycemic control, DM duration, or DM complications. [ 9 10 ] It is suspected that the relationships between depression and T2DM-related factors may vary based on the background of the subject.…”

Diabetes Onset at 31–45 Years of Age is Associated with an Increased Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes

“…Many studies have shown that prolonged hyperglycemia causes injuries to the retinal vasculature that are not reversed even upon subsequent sustained glycemic control; such impairments may play pivotal roles in “metabolic memory”, rendering patients more susceptible to the complications of diabetes17181920. Last but not least, DM individuals diagnosed between 31–45 years of age are usually under high-level psychological pressure212223. Such stress may explain why DR is more likely in patients in whom diabetes develops at an age of 31–45 years.…”

A comparative study of negative life events and depressive symptoms among healthy older adults and older adults with chronic disease

“…Factors related to depression are complex. Among them, prevalence of chronic disease is one of the major factors related to depression (Dejean, Giacomini, Vanstone, & Brundisini, 2013; Huang et al, 2010; Kalantari, Jafarinezhad, & Zohrevand, 2014; Liu, Xu, Hall, Wu, & Zhang, 2016; Wimmelmann, Lund, Hansen, Dela, & Mortensen, 2016; Yang et al, 2016). The relationship between physical health and mental health has been demonstrated in previous studies (Barcelos-Ferreira, Izbicki, Steffens, & Bottino, 2010; Christensen et al, 2016; Kohler, van Boxtel, Jolles, & Verhey, 2011; Mezuk, Edwards, Lohman, Choi, & Lapane, 2012; Riahi et al, 2016; Tsai, Liu, Tsai, & Chung, 2012).…”