Association of coffee consumption pattern and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and older adults: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

ObjectivesThe association between coffee consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between coffee intake and components of MetS.MethodA cross-sectional survey including 1,719 adults was conducted in Guangdong, China. Data on age, gender, education level, marriage status, body mass index (BMI), current smoking and drinking status and breakfast habit, coffee consumption type, and daily servings were derived based on 2-day, 24-h recall. MetS were assessed according to the International Diabetes Federation definition. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between the coffee consumption type, daily servings, and the components of MetS.ResultsRegardless of the coffee type, compared with non-coffee consumers, coffee consumers had higher odds ratios (ORs) of the elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) in both men [OR: 3.590; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 2.891–4.457] and women (OR: 3.590; 95% CI: 2.891–4.457). In women, the risk of elevated blood pressure (BP) was 0.553 times (OR: 0.553; 95% CI: 0.372–0.821, P = 0.004) for people who drank total coffee > 1 serving/day than for non-coffee drinkers.ConclusionIn conclusion, regardless of type, coffee intake is associated with an increased prevalence of FBG in both men and women, but has a protective effect on hypertension only in women.

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Hypertension in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Finally, 25 articles, published between 2002 and 2023, met our inclusion criteria and were included in the present meta-analysis . Four of the twenty-five eligible articles were considered two separate studies or populations since they either consisted of two separate cohorts [45], or reported the results separately for men and women [48,49] or based on genes variants [40].…”

“…A total of 463,973 participants (321,978 from 12 cohort studies and 141,995 from 13 crosssectional studies) were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, 11 studies were conducted in Europe [26,28,30,31,33,34,37,38,40,41,44], 9 studies in Asia [29,32,35,36,39,42,[47][48][49], and 5 studies in the United States [27,43,45,46,50]. Twenty studies did not distinguish between sexes [26][27][28][29][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][41][42][43][44][47][48][49], two studies were conducted on men only [40,46], and three studies on women only [30,…”

“…Overall, 11 studies were conducted in Europe [26,28,30,31,33,34,37,38,40,41,44], 9 studies in Asia [29,32,35,36,39,42,[47][48][49], and 5 studies in the United States [27,43,45,46,50]. Twenty studies did not distinguish between sexes [26][27][28][29][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][41][42][43][44][47][48][49], two studies were conducted on men only [40,46], and three studies on women only [30,45,50]. Most studies evaluated the association between coff...…”

“…A total of 8 studies determined blood pressure using the cut-off point of ≥130 and ≥80/85 mmHg for systolic and diastolic blood pressures [33][34][35]38,39,[47][48][49], respectively, while others used the cutoff points of ≥140 and ≥90 mmHg, or taking anti-hypertension medicines of physician diagnosis. The majority of reported results suggested a null association between coffee and HTN risk (n = 18) [27,30,32,[35][36][37]39,40,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50], nine studies an inverse association [26,28,29,31,34,38,41,45,49], and one study suggested a positive direct link [33]. The pooled results of the meta-analysis revealed that individuals with the highest coffee consumption in comparison with the lowest intake had 7% lower risk for HTN (RR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.97; I 2 : 22.3%) (Figure 2).…”

“…Despite a small asymmetry in the funnel plot, the Egger test (p = 0.449) and Begg test (p = 0.714) revealed no evidence of publication bias (Supplementary Figure S1). [28,[31][32][33]37,38,[44][45][46][47][48]51].…”