Association of Cigarette Smoking with Hyperlipidemia in Male Individuals

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is one of the major modifiable and environmental risk factors which can alter the lipid profile that leads to the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the current study is to explore the association of cigarette smoking with Hyperlipidemia in male individuals. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2017 to August 2018 in Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. A total of 1561 male individuals were enrolled in the study with a mean age (years) of 55.33 ± 14.41. We collected data on demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle indices. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TGL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. The mean level of serum TC, TG, and HDL-C were 4.85 ± 0.91, 1.69 ± 1.45 and 1.27 ± 0.32 mmol/L respectively. We found that age, body mass index, pack-years, marital status, annual household income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, education level, and occupational status have significant association with Hyperlipidemia. Adjusted multiple logistic regressions showed that in old age, smoking behavior can significantly increase the risk of Hyperlipidemia. With an increase in pack-years, a significant increase is found only in TC while decreasing trend noticed in HDL-C level. Current smokers showed a significant increase in the risk of Hyperlipidemia compared to those who never smoked while smoking cessation decreases the risk of Hyperlipidemia. This study concluded that cigarette smoking along with increased age and pack-years can significantly increase the risk of Hyperlipidemia that further leads to heart diseases.

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“…Also, smokers are more likely to engage in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol consumption, which can further increase the risk of dyslipidemia (24). The risk of dyslipidemia may be in uenced by the duration and intensity of smoking, with long-term and heavy smokers having a higher risk than short-term and light smokers (25).…”

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“…39 Moreover, cessation of smoking is strongly urged, given its adverse impact on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular well-being. 40 Pharmacotherapy plays a central role in managing hyperlipidemia, especially for individuals at heightened cardiovascular risk or those with insufficient lipid control despite lifestyle adjustments. 15 Statins, the primary pharmacological intervention 41 , are widely administered due to their potent ability to lower LDL cholesterol levels and establish cardiovascular advantages.…”