Association of cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms in a forensic population

Lekka, N.P.; Lee, Kwang‐Hyuk; Beratis, Stavroula; Parks, Randolph W.

doi:10.1002/da.20235

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…127 One study investigated the association of baseline anxiety with subsequent smoking heaviness and found no evidence of an association. 124 Eight studies investigated the association of heaviness of smoking with later depression, of which seven (88%) found evidence to support this association, 11,82,95,102,125,127,128 while one (13%) found no evidence of an association. 129 One study investigated the association of heaviness of smoking with later anxiety and found evidence to support this association.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review

Fluharty

Taylor

Grabski

et al. 2016

NICTOB

856

515

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Background:Many studies report a positive association between smoking and mental illness. However, the literature remains mixed regarding the direction of this association. We therefore conducted a systematic review evaluating the association of smoking and depression and/or anxiety in longitudinal studies.Methods:Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science and were included if they: (1) used human participants, (2) were longitudinal, (3) reported primary data, (4) had smoking as an exposure and depression and/or anxiety as an outcome, or (5) had depression and/or anxiety as the exposure and smoking as an outcome.Results:Outcomes from 148 studies were categorized into: smoking onset, smoking status, smoking heaviness, tobacco dependence, and smoking trajectory. The results for each category varied substantially, with evidence for positive associations in both directions (smoking to later mental health and mental health to later smoking) as well as null findings. Overall, nearly half the studies reported that baseline depression/anxiety was associated with some type of later smoking behavior, while over a third found evidence that a smoking exposure was associated with later depression/anxiety. However, there were few studies directly supporting a bidirectional model of smoking and anxiety, and very few studies reporting null results.Conclusions:The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization (MR), which will allow us to draw stronger causal inferences.Implications:We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies on the association of different aspects of smoking behavior with depression and anxiety. The results varied considerably, with evidence for smoking both associated with subsequent depression and anxiety, and vice versa. Few studies supported a bidirectional relationship, or reported null results, and no clear patterns by gender, ethnicity, clinical status, length to follow-up, or diagnostic test. Suggesting that despite advantages of longitudinal studies, they cannot alone provide strong evidence of causality. Therefore, future studies investigating this association should employ different methods allowing for stronger causal inferences to be made, such as MR.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review

Fluharty

Taylor

Grabski

et al. 2016

NICTOB

856

515

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show abstract

“…However, in some studies conducted in Brazil and India, the prevalence of depression was quite low (12% and 18%, respectively) [ 34 , 35 ]. In a study done by Lekka et al, a high prevalence (75%) of depression was found [ 36 ]. These differences can be explained partly by the use of different instruments for assessing depression, and partly by the conditions of the study settings, such as privacy, laws, and cultures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression among inmates in a regional prison of eastern Nepal: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundDepression is the most common form of mental disorder among inmates, with a prevalence much higher than in the general population. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression among inmates and identify factors associated with it.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Jhumka Regional Prison, the largest prison in eastern Nepal, from September 2014 to August 2015. A total of 434 randomly selected inmates were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire examining socio-demographic characteristics, detention status, self-reported health problems, substance use status, and suicidal ideation. Depression was screened using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression analysis were applied to determine the association between depression and related variables.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 35.7 years (SD 13.3). The prevalence of depression among the inmates was 35.3%. Approximately 2.3% reported suicidal ideation during imprisonment and 0.9% had attempted suicide inside the prison. In bivariate analysis, depression was significantly associated with previous incarceration (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.05–3.47, p = 0.033), poor self-rated health (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.16–2.64, p = 0.007), frequent appointments when encountering health problems (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.06–2.61, p = 0.028), suicidal ideation (OR = 4.44, 95%CI = 1.13–17.44, p = 0.038) and loss of weight (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.00–2.23, p = 0.049). However, only previous incarceration (AOR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.04–3.74, p = 0.037) and frequent appointments when encountering health problems (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.01–2.57, p = 0.046) remained significant in a multivariate model.ConclusionsThis study showed a high rate of depression among inmates in Nepal. The results suggest a need for psychiatric and rehabilitative care in correctional settings to improve the health status of the inmates.

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“…The current results extend previous findings in a novel fashion pertaining to the link between the range of mental disorders and cigarette smoking by showing that both specific anxiety disorders and mood disorders are associated with dependent and nondependent cigarette use and nicotine dependence among the whole sample, with each contributing independently to these problems. While numerous clinical and epidemiologic investigations have examined the relationships between mood disorders and smoking, 49‐52 and anxiety disorders and smoking, 45,48 these studies have not examined whether and to what degrees these relationships are independent of each other. Specifically, as mood and anxiety disorders are highly comorbid, 53,54 analyses of mood disorders that fail to adjust for the potential impact of anxiety disorders (and vice versa) may not illuminate the strength of these distinct relationships.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Disorders and Cigarette Use among Adults in the United States

et al. 2012

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Background The goal of this study was to determine the association between mental disorders and cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence. Methods Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative survey of adults (N=43,093) aged 18 and older. Relationships between specific anxiety disorders, mood disorders, non-dependent cigarette use, nicotine dependence among the whole sample, and nicotine dependence among cigarette users were examined. Results After adjusting for demographics and comorbid mental disorders, generalized anxiety disorder (OR = 1.16 (1.29–1.51)), specific phobia (OR =1.35 (1.21–1.51)), panic disorder (PD) (OR = 1.90 (1.62–2.23)), major depression (MDD) (OR = 1.31 (1.16–1.48)), and bipolar disorder (OR = 1.30 (1.09–1.54)) were associated with increased likelihood of non-dependent cigarette use. Specific phobia (OR = 1.69 (1.49–1.91)), PD (OR = 1.82 (1.50–2.21)), MDD (OR = 1.59 (1.38–1.84)), and bipolar disorder (OR = 1.71 (1.39–2.09)) were associated with increased odds of nicotine dependence among the whole sample; social phobia (OR = 1.69 (1.19–2.40)), specific phobia (OR =1.69 (1.43–2.01)), MDD (OR =1.65 (1.34–2.02)), and bipolar disorder (OR = 2.38 (1.74–3.24)) were associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence among cigarette users. Conclusions Specific anxiety disorders and mood disorders were uniquely associated with non-dependent cigarette use, nicotine dependence among the whole sample, and the risk of nicotine dependence among cigarette users in the United States. Findings suggest that demographic differences, comorbid mood, anxiety, substance, and personality disorders all contributed to previously observed associations between mental disorders and nicotine dependence, explaining these links in some but not all cases.

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Association of cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms in a forensic population

Cited by 12 publications

References 51 publications

The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review

The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review

Depression among inmates in a regional prison of eastern Nepal: a cross-sectional study

Mental Disorders and Cigarette Use among Adults in the United States

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