“…A total of 1533 participants in the age range of 17 to 71 years, were included in the study. Two studies [ 20 , 21 ] with 487 participants examined the effect of hypothyroidism on fibrocystic breast changes, one [ 21 ] of which assessed the prevalence of fibrocystic breast changes in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune thyroid disease and a major cause of hypothyroidism in areas with sufficient iodine. In other 4 studies [ 16 – 19 ] with 1046 participants, the impact of PCOS on fibrocystic breast changes was investigated.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In other 4 studies [ 16 – 19 ] with 1046 participants, the impact of PCOS on fibrocystic breast changes was investigated. These studies were conducted in different countries such as Turkey [ 16 , 18 , 21 ], Iran [ 20 ], the USA [ 17 ], and Italy [ 19 ] between 2001 and 2020. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2 [ 20 , 21 ] of the 6 included studies examined the effect of hypothyroidism on the incidence of fibrocystic breast changes. The association range measured in these studies was from 1.52 (95% CI 0.61–3.78) to 2.81 (95% CI 0.84–9.40).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Various mechanisms have been proposed for the effect of hypothyroidism on breast cells. One mechanism is that low levels of thyroid hormones in the body suppress negative self-regulation of the pituitary-hypothalamic axis, resulting in increased secretion of prolactin-like thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which can affect breast cells and cause changes in breast parenchyma [ 14 , 20 , 21 , 35 ]. The next mechanism suggests that lower than normal levels of thyroid hormones may abnormally increase the sensitivity of breast epithelial cells to the stimulatory effect of prolactin [ 36 – 38 ].…”
This meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism, and fibrocystic breast changes. We searched important databases, including PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase to retrieve all relevant studies published from 1990 to April 2021. The bias risk of selected articles was assessed based on the JBI checklist. Our search strategy yielded a total of 487 articles from the international databases. After screening their full-texts, 6 articles met the inclusion criteria and were considered for meta-analysis. The effect of PCOS on the incidence of fibrocystic breast changes was 2.49 (95% CI 1.85–3.34). Also, the effect of hypothyroidism on the incidence of fibrocystic breast changes was 1.90 (95% CI 0.92–3.93). The results showed that women with PCOS were at higher risks to develop fibrocystic breast changes.
“…A total of 1533 participants in the age range of 17 to 71 years, were included in the study. Two studies [ 20 , 21 ] with 487 participants examined the effect of hypothyroidism on fibrocystic breast changes, one [ 21 ] of which assessed the prevalence of fibrocystic breast changes in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune thyroid disease and a major cause of hypothyroidism in areas with sufficient iodine. In other 4 studies [ 16 – 19 ] with 1046 participants, the impact of PCOS on fibrocystic breast changes was investigated.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In other 4 studies [ 16 – 19 ] with 1046 participants, the impact of PCOS on fibrocystic breast changes was investigated. These studies were conducted in different countries such as Turkey [ 16 , 18 , 21 ], Iran [ 20 ], the USA [ 17 ], and Italy [ 19 ] between 2001 and 2020. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2 [ 20 , 21 ] of the 6 included studies examined the effect of hypothyroidism on the incidence of fibrocystic breast changes. The association range measured in these studies was from 1.52 (95% CI 0.61–3.78) to 2.81 (95% CI 0.84–9.40).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Various mechanisms have been proposed for the effect of hypothyroidism on breast cells. One mechanism is that low levels of thyroid hormones in the body suppress negative self-regulation of the pituitary-hypothalamic axis, resulting in increased secretion of prolactin-like thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which can affect breast cells and cause changes in breast parenchyma [ 14 , 20 , 21 , 35 ]. The next mechanism suggests that lower than normal levels of thyroid hormones may abnormally increase the sensitivity of breast epithelial cells to the stimulatory effect of prolactin [ 36 – 38 ].…”
This meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism, and fibrocystic breast changes. We searched important databases, including PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase to retrieve all relevant studies published from 1990 to April 2021. The bias risk of selected articles was assessed based on the JBI checklist. Our search strategy yielded a total of 487 articles from the international databases. After screening their full-texts, 6 articles met the inclusion criteria and were considered for meta-analysis. The effect of PCOS on the incidence of fibrocystic breast changes was 2.49 (95% CI 1.85–3.34). Also, the effect of hypothyroidism on the incidence of fibrocystic breast changes was 1.90 (95% CI 0.92–3.93). The results showed that women with PCOS were at higher risks to develop fibrocystic breast changes.
“…19 Another study reported the presence of thyroid diseases, both autoimmune and not autoimmune, in patients with breast cancer. 20 A prospective observational study found that thyroid dysfunction was associated with benign breast disease. 21 A literature review concluded that survivors of breast cancer may be at a higher risk of thyroid pathologies, including thyroid malignancy.…”
Aims: The relationship between thyroid disorders and breast diseases including breast cancer and benign breast disease, has been a topic of interest and controversy. Our study aimed to investigate the potential association between autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) and fibrocystic breast disease (FBD)
Methods: This retrospective study investigated the relationship between atd an FBD. A total of 242 female patients aged 18 years or older were recruited for the study. Data were collected from medical records and patient interviews. The related parameters were recorded for each participant.
Results: This study included two hundred forty-two age-matched (29.78±4.55) and body mass index (BMI)-matched (24±2.38) women. A Mann-Whitney test did not find a statistically significant association between the case and control in terms of Free thyroxine (FT4) (p-value>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between groups in terms of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (p-value<0.001), antithyroid peroxidase (Anti-TPO) (p-value<0.001), and anti-thyroglobulin (Anti-TG) (p-value<0.001). A chi-square test did not find a statistically significant association between thyroid autoantibody and fibrocystic breast test results (p-value > 0.05).
Conclusion: While our study did not find a significant association between these two conditions, other studies have reported varying results. Hormonal alterations, autoimmune factors, and genetic predispositions are among the potential mechanisms that could explain the associations observed in some studies.
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JEL: F51, E26, O17
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